VULCAN AND COMETS RELATED SITES
COMET/EARTH IMPACT CHRONOLOGY
28 April 2008 © Copyright - Only Italicized Comments
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- THE 11,600 BC STRIKE - Swarm B' - 13,600 YA
- THE 11,000 BC STRIKE - Swarm B - 13,000 YA
- THE 10,600 BC STRIKE - Swarm A' - 12,600 YA
- THE 9,600 BC STRIKE - Swarm A' - 11,600 YA
- THE 8,300 BC STRIKE - Swarm B' - 10,300 YA
- THE 7,800 BC STRIKE - Swarm B - 9,800 YA
- THE 6,800 BC STRIKE - Swarm A' - 8,800 YA
- THE 6,200 BC STRIKE - Swarm A - 8,200 YA
- THE 5,600 BC STRIKE - Swarm C - 7,600 YA
- THE 5,000 BC STRIKE - Swarm B' - 7,000 YA
- THE 4,500 BC STRIKE - Swarm B - 6,500 YA
- THE 3,500 BC STRIKE - Swarm A' - 5,500 YA
- THE 3,000 BC STRIKE - Swarm A - 5,000 YA
- THE 2,350 BC STRIKE - Swarm C - 4,350 YA
- THE 1,600 BC STRIKE - Swarm B' - 3,600 YA
- THE 1,200 BC STRIKE - Swarm B - 3,200 YA
- THE 200 BC STRIKE - Swarm A' - 2,200 YA
- THE 500 AD STRIKE - Swarm A - 1,500 YA
- THE 1,000 AD STRIKE - Swarm C - 1,000 YA
- THE 1,700 AD STRIKE - Swarm B' - 300 YA
- CHICAGO AND OTHER RECENT IMPACT RELATED FIRES - Swarm B
- TUNGUSKA AND OTHER RECENT STRIKES - Swarm B
- Do not believe in anything simply because you have heard it.
- Do not believe in anything simply because it is spoken and rumoured by many.
- Do not believe in anything simply because it is found written in your
religious books.
- Do not believe in anything merely on the authority of your teachers and
elders.
- Do not believe in traditions because they have been handed down for many
generations.
- But after observation and analysis, when you find that anything agrees with
reason
and is conducive to the good and benefit of one and all, then accept it and live
up to it.
- Gautama Buddha
RELATED SITES LISTINGS
- THE 11,600 BC STRIKE - Swarm B' - 13,600 YA
- THE 11,000 BC STRIKE- Swarm B - 13,000 YA
-
THE END OF AN (ICE) AGE
University researchers Douglas Kennett and Jon Erlandson are part of a group of
scientists proposing that a comet or asteroid hit North America about 13,000 years
ago - near the end of the last ice age - and contributed to major events in the continent's
history, including the die-off of horses, mammoths and other large mammals around the same time.
-
ICE AGE COMET THEORY CAUSES BIG BANG - Some say it hit U.S. 13,000 years ago
Now a research group that includes two University of Oregon scientists is
proposing a more dramatic cause for the extinctions: A 3-mile-wide comet or
asteroid exploded over Canada or slammed into the continent about 13,000 years
ago.
University of Oregon archaeologists Douglas Kennett and Jon Erlandson are among
about two dozen scientists who say the impact also could have led to the abrupt
cooling known as the Younger Dryas, which lasted 1,200 years.
The researchers laid out their proposed theory recently in the Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences. They say the evidence is in a 2-inch-thick
carbon-rich black mat found in about 50 sites across North America.
Their article says the layer contains grains with iridium, carbon spherules and
fullerenes packed with concentrations of helium 3, "all of which are evidence
for an extraterrestrial impact" about 12,900 years ago and the raging wildfires
that followed.
They suggest that heat from the detonation or impact may have set off wildfires
across the continent and destabilized the vast Laurentide Ice Sheet that covered
much of Canada and the northern United States. The melting of ice may have led
to a flood of fresh water, changing ocean currents in the North Atlantic and
contributing to the cooling climate that reduced human populations and added to
the demise of the animals.
No giant crater has been found from the impact, but the scientists say the comet
may have broken into smaller pieces and detonated in various places.
"If a comet hit the Laurentide Ice Sheet, it would not have left a big crater,"
Erlandson said. "It's ice on ice, and it's going to throw up enormous amounts of
shattered ice and debris."
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EXTRATERRESTRIAL IMPACT WIPED OUT LIFE DURING ICE AGE
What caused the extinction of mammoths and the decline of Stone Age people about
13,000 years ago remains hotly debated. Overhunting by Paleoindians, climate
change and disease lead the list of probable causes.
But now, a new study has reported evidence of a comet or low-density object
barrelling toward Earth, exploding in the upper atmosphere and triggering a
devastating swath that wiped out most of the large animals, their habitat and
humans of that period.
"The detonation either fried them or compressed them because of the shock wave.
It was a mini nuclear winter," said Ted Bunch, NAU adjunct professor of geology
and former NASA researcher who specializes in impact craters.
Till date, no one has found a giant crater in the Earth that could attest to
such a cataclysmic impact 13,000 years ago.
But the research team has offered evidence of a comet, two and a half to three
miles in diameter, that detonated 30 to 60 miles above the earth, triggering a
massive shockwave, firestorms and a subsequent drastic cooling effect across
most of North America and northern Europe.
"The comet may have broken up into smaller pieces as it neared the Earth and
then these pieces detonated in various places above two continents," Bunch said.
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RESEARCH TEAM SAYS EXTRATERRESTRIAL IMPACT TO BLAME FOR ICE AGE EXTINCTIONS
24-Sep-2007 -
What caused the extinction of mammoths and the decline of Stone Age people about
13,000 years ago remains hotly debated. Overhunting by Paleoindians, climate
change and disease lead the list of probable causes. But an idea once considered
a little out there is now hitting closer to home.
A team of international researchers, including two Northern Arizona University
geologists, reports evidence that a comet or low-density object barreling toward
Earth exploded in the upper atmosphere and triggered a devastating swath of
destruction that wiped out most of the large animals, their habitat and humans
of that period.
-
WERE ANCIENT AMERICANS WIPED OUT BY METEOR STRIKE?
Some 12,900 years ago disaster struck the North American continent. The Earth's
climate, which had been getting steadily warmer at the tail end of the
retreating Ice Age, suddenly dropped catastrophically. The megafauna, such as
camels and mammoth died out. And the first people to populate the American
landscape saw their numbers drop by an estimated 75%. A number of explanations
have been offered for why this happened. One of the latest is that cataclysmic
event thought to have caused several other upheavals in the Earth's history, an
impact from outer space.
Some event took place at the start of what we now call the Younger Dryas period,
that had a violent effect on the Earth's climate world wide. While the
temperature dropped in the north, the hunter-gatherers of the Levant and Middle
East saw their surroundings stricken by severe drought. Many hold that this
drought was the impetus for the invention of agriculture in this region, rich in
easily domesticated plants and animals, setting mankind on the road to
urbanisation, trade, and modern civilisation. The Clovis people were not so
lucky.
The melting glaciers that had covered Canada and large swaths of the United
States had formed a giant fresh water sea, called Lake Agassiz, bigger than all
of the present-day Great Lakes combined, in the center of North America. The
remaining glaciation formed a dam, preventing a gradual run-off into the
Atlantic. At some point, 12,900 years ago, that dam burst, and enormous
quantities of cold fresh water drained into the North Atlantic in a deluge.
And now some scientists are theorising that an impact might have contributed to
three events almost 13,000 years ago, the sudden cold period, the disappearance
of 35 large species of mammals (the horse and camel actually evolved in the
Americas, and survived by crossing the Bering land bridge, heading the opposite
way as the migrating humans, before they became extinct in their native
environment), and the collapse of the Clovis culture. The demise of the
megafauna could be explained by the Clovis hunters driving them to extinction.
And the traditional Lake Agassiz deluge and the subsequent colder climate would
suffice to explain the rest. But great systemic breakdowns are ususally not due
to a single isolated event, but to a confluence of blows. While the system might
have survived one, the second, or even third, proves fatal.
At the joint assembly of the American Geophysical Union, which came together in
Acapulco, Mexico on the 24th of May this year, a group of researchers presented
their findings, which pointed to a major impact event on the North American
continent at close to the start of the Younger Dryas period. A comet, some five
kilometres across, entered the Earth's atmosphere, and exploded above the
northern ice sheet, causing, among other damage, the catastrophic deluge of
melt-water into the Atlantic.
While they have been unable to point to any central impact crater, this could be
explained by the bolide disintegrating in the air, and the principal strike zone
being covered by glaciation. They also point to four large trenches below the
present Great Lakes as possible testaments to the impact. The so called Carolina
bays, located in line with the lakes, as well as thousands of smaller features
along the Atlantic coast, might also have been a result of the impact. But some
geologists protest that there are other, and far more plausible explanations for
these features.
All we know for sure is that the number of arrowheads, and probably the number
of people, fall by 75% following this period. The America that emerged from
the catastrophe, would be totally different from the one that had once been.
And so it might be again.
-
COMET THEORY COLLIDES WITH CLOVIS RESEARCH
Archaeologists have long known that the great beasts of the age - the wooly
mammoth and mastodon - suddenly disappeared around the same time period
(12,900 - 12,800 years ago), but little was known about their demise. It
was thought to be the result of over-hunting by Clovis man or climate change
associated with a new ice age.
The notion that a comet collided with Earth and caused these events was
farfetched until recently, when the group of scientists began looking for
evidence of a comet impact, which they call the Younger - Dryas Event. They
turned to Goodyear and the pristine Clovis site of Topper.
They found iridium and plenty of it," said Goodyear. "The high concentrations
were much higher than you would normally see in the background of the earth's
crust. That tends to be an indicator of a terrestrial impact from outer space."
The researchers also found high iridium concentrations at six other Clovis sites
throughout North America, as well as in and along the rims of the Carolina Bays,
the elliptically shaped depressions that are home to an array of flora and fauna
along South Carolina's coast.
The Younger- Dryas Event suggests that a large comet exploded above Canada,
creating a storm of fiery fragments that rained over North America. The
fragments could have easily killed the giant mammals of the day, as well as
Clovis man.
-
DID COMET START DEADLY COLD SNAP?
A comet or some other extraterrestrial object appears to have slammed into
northern Canada 12,900 years ago and triggered an abrupt and catastrophic
climate change that wiped out the mammoths and many other prehistoric creatures,
according to a team of U.S. scientists.
The sediment layer formed 12,900 years ago and coincides with both the
extinction of the animals and the onset of a mini-ice age that lasted more than
1,000 years, say Ms. Becker and her colleagues from several U.S. universities
and research labs. They say they are increasingly convinced the impact,
extinction and cold snap are all related.
According to their scenario, a comet or large meteoroid generated a shock wave
and threw massive amounts of debris, heat and gas into the atmosphere. This set
off wildfires that raced across grasslands in southern North America, depriving
the mammoths and other grazing animals of food.
The impact and heat also destabilized the ice sheet that blanketed Canada at the
time, creating a flood of melt water that poured into the North Atlantic,
according to their theory. The pulse of fresh water then shut down the ocean
currents carrying heat from the tropics to the Northern Hemisphere, leading to
an abrupt cooling. The resulting "mini-ice age" in the Northern Hemisphere,
known as the Younger Dryas, lasted more than a thousand years.
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CATASTROPHIC COMET CHILLED AND KILLED ICE AGE BEASTS (AND CLOVIS PEOPLE)
An extraterrestrial object with a three-mile girth might have exploded over
southern Canada nearly 13,000 years ago, wiping out an ancient Stone Age culture
as well as megafauna like mastodons and mammoths.
The blast could be to blame for a major cold spell called the Younger Dryas that
occurred at the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, a period of time spanning from
about 1.8 million years ago to 11,500 years ago.
"Based on the distribution of material, it looks like this impact probably
occurred in southern Canada near the Great Lakes, over what at that time would
have been a major glacier, the Laurentide ice sheet," said one of the
presenters, Richard Firestone of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
They couldn't find a distinct crater, suggesting the comet burst in the air
rather than slamming into Earth. Even an airburst should leave its mark, so the
scientists think the Laurentide Ice Sheet absorbed much of the impact.
During the last catastrophic animal extinction, more than three-fourths of the
large Ice Age animals, including woolly mammoths, mastodons, saber-toothed
tigers and giant bears, died out. Scientists have debated for years over the
cause of the extinction, with both of the major hypotheses—human overhunting and
climate change—insufficient to account for the mega die-off.
An extraterrestrial explosion could have triggered a wave of massive wildfires
that reduced to ashes the mastodons of the day, say the scientists. At one site
called Murray Springs in Arizona, a well-known Clovis site, the scientists found
megafauna covered by the comet debris.
The evidence for a comet impact is substantial.
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OREGON RESEARCHERS INVOLVED IN NEW CLOVIS-AGE IMPACT THEORY
-
COMET MAY HAVE DOOMED MAMMOTHS
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ICE AGE ENDS SMASHINGLY: DID A COMET BLOW UP OVER EASTERN CANADA?
Evidence unearthed at more than two dozen sites across North America suggests
that an extraterrestrial object exploded in Earth's atmosphere above Canada
about 12,900 years ago, just as the climate was warming at the end of the last
ice age. The explosion sparked immense wildfires, devastated North America's
ecosystems and prehistoric cultures, and triggered a millennium-long cold spell,
scientists say.
The long axes of the great majority of the Carolina Bays point toward locations
near the Great Lakes and in Canada—a hint that the extraterrestrial object
disintegrated over those locales, says Howard.
Because scientists "haven't discovered a large, smoking hole" left by the event,
the object that blew up in the atmosphere probably was a comet, says West.
Heat from the event would have set off wildfires across the continent, the
scientists suggest. The heat and shock from the explosion probably broke up
portions of the ice sheet smothering eastern Canada at the time, they add. The
flood of fresh water into the North Atlantic that resulted would have
interrupted ocean currents that bring warmth to the region, and thick clouds of
smoke and soot in the air would have intensified cooling across the Northern
Hemisphere.
The inferred date of the event matches the beginning of a 1,200-year-long cold
spell that geologists call the Younger Dryas, which in its first few decades saw
temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere drop as much as 10°C.
-
ICE AGE BLAST 'RAVAGED AMERICA'
A controversial new idea suggests that a large space rock exploded over North
America 13,000 years ago.
The blast may have wiped out one of America's first Stone Age cultures as well
as the continent's big mammals such as the mammoth and the mastodon.
The blast, from a comet or asteroid, caused a major bout of climatic cooling
which may also have affected human cultures emerging in Europe and Asia.
All, they argue, point to the explosion 12,900 years ago of an extraterrestrial
object up to 5km across.
No crater remains, possibly because the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which blanketed
thousands of sq km of North America during the last Ice Age, was thick enough to
mask the impact.
Another possibility is that it exploded in the air.
Professor James Kennett, from the University of California in Santa Barbara
(UCSB), said the explosion could be to blame for the extinction of several large
North American mammals at the end of the last Ice Age.
-
DID A COMET HIT GREAT LAKES REGION, FRAGMENT HUMAN POPULATIONS, 12,900 YEARS
AGO?
The researchers propose that a known reversal in the world's ocean currents and
associated rapid global cooling, which some scientists blame for the extinction
of multiple species of animals and the end of the Clovis Period, was itself the
result of a bigger event. While generally accepted theory says glacial melting
from the North American interior caused the shift in currents, the new proposal
points to a large extraterrestrial object exploding above or even into the
Laurentide Ice Sheet north of the Great Lakes.
"Highest concentrations of extraterrestrial impact materials occur in the Great
Lakes area and spread out from there," Kennett said. "It would have had major
effects on humans. Immediate effects would have been in the North and East,
producing shockwaves, heat, flooding, wildfires, and a reduction and
fragmentation of the human population."
Kennett said that 35 animal genera went extinct at the end of the Pleistocene,
with at least 15 clearly being wiped out close to 12,900 years ago. There would
have been major ecological shifts, driving Clovis survivors into isolated groups
in search of food and warmth. There is evidence, he said, that pockets of Clovis
people survived in refugia, especially in the western United States.
-
S.C. SITE KEY IN CLIMATE-CHANGING ANCIENT COMET THEORY
According to the theory, a comet broke apart in the atmosphere above what is now
eastern North America, producing massive, multiple explosions as its pieces
slammed into the surface with more force than all the world's nuclear weapons
combined.
The fallout from the explosions would have dusted the Earth with microscopic
nanodiamonds, magnetic particles, iridium and black carbon. All of those
substances have been found in a layer of soil, found continent-wide, dated to
about 12,900 years ago.
The explosions and resulting climate change could explain the sudden
disappearance of large mammals, such as mammoths and mastodons, at that same
time period. Also, it could explain the abrupt end in the archaeological records
of the Clovis people, the first to populate North America.
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THE YOUNGER DRYAS
Note: 13.18 kyr BP aka YA (during the Bolling/Allerod)
-
SUPERNOVA STORM WIPED OUT MAMMOTHS?
If their supernova theory gains acceptance, it could explain why dozens of
species on the continent became extinct 13,000 years ago. Mammoths and
mastodons, both relatives of today's elephants, mysteriously died out then, as
did giant ground sloths, a large-horned bison, a huge species of armadillo,
saber-toothed cats, and many other animals and plants.
Supernovas are rare and usually very far away. Cyclical comet swarms caused
by other triggers may not be, as we may find out this century.
-
FIRST FARMERS DISCOVERED
The first farmers grew wheat and rye 13,000 years ago in Syria and were forced
into cultivating crops by a terrible drought, according to UK archaeologists.
What he found was evidence for a terrible drought: "It was very sharp and would
certainly have been felt within a human lifetime, perhaps even in the space of
10 or so years." Geologist call this period the Younger Dryas, a 1000-year spell
of cold and dry weather with interrupted the planet's gradual warming from the
last ice age.
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MEGA-EXTINCTION? BLAME THE WEATHER
Guthrie proposes instead that changes in the world climate at the end of the Ice
Age 13,000 years ago altered the frigid landscape of the far north into a steppe
covered with grasses, where mammoths, horses, and other grazers flourished for
1000 years. Just as humans first appear in the archaeological fossil record
12,000 years ago, the climate began to shift, turning the steppe grasses into
plants toxic to grazers. Horses went extinct about 1000 years before the
mammoths, which disappeared well after humans appeared on the scene in the far
north, Guthrie reports.
- Quick Rise In Temperature (13,000 Years Ago Shonw On Graph) Sir Fred Hoyle:
ICE The Ultimate Human Catastrophe: Op. Cit.; pp. 26, 27, 160. From G. R. Coope
in
A. E. Wright & F. Moseley (eds.) Ice Ages, Ancient & Modern; Seel House Press,
1971.
-
- THE 10,600 BC STRIKE- Swarm A' - 12,600 YA
-
THE YOUNGER DRYAS
Note: 12.64 kyr BP aka YA (during the Younger Dryas)
-
RESEARCH RAISES FEAR OF DRAMATIC TEMEPRATURE CHANGE DURING WARMIND TREND
- 2 October 1998
Ice core samples from Antarctica suggest that the warming trend that ended an
ice age 12,500 years ago may have overtaken the Earth in only a few decades
And White's team said the Antarctica ice cores show a temperature increase of
about 20 degrees F within a few decades.
-
ICE CORE TIMELINE - 12,000 BP (before present) - Rapid Climate Change (9600
BC impact)
As this graph shows, one such jump occurred about 12,000 years ago, as the last
glacial period (the Pleistocene) was giving way to our current warm
"interglacial" period (the Holocene). Suddenly, possibly in less than five
years, average temperatures, which were slightly cooler than today's, plunged by
about 27°F, returning the world to near-glacial conditions. The Younger Dryas,
as this freak period is known, lasted about 1,300 years before it returned--just
as abruptly--to the temperatures typical of the period immediately preceding it.
- Radiocarbon geochronological data indicates the Pleistocene/Holocene (the
last glacial/inter-glacial) boundary at 10,300 +/- 200 radiocarbon years ago (or
about 12,125 years ago) near a brief mini-glacial period. See: The
New Encylopaedia Britannica; Encylopaedia Britannica Inc.; Chicago, 15 th edition
- 1993; Vol. 19 (Geochronology - Nature of the Holocene record), pp. 860 - 870.
- THE 9,600 BC STRIKE- Swarm A - 11,600 YA
-
THE YOUNGER DRYAS
Note: 11.81 kyr BP aka YA (during the Younger Dryas)
11.4 kyr BP aka YA (early Preboreal)
-
COMET THAT LAUNCHED NOAH'S ARK Tollmann, a geology professor at the
University of Vienna, compared the numerous great flood myths, recorded in
almost every prehistoric civilization, with the geological evidence for a comet
impact at about the same time. He used the two sources of information to date
the flood to about 9,600 BC.
-
GIANT COMET LAUNCHED NOAH'S ARK
Two discoveries are central to his claim. One is the distribution of the
splinters of molten rock thrown up by the impacts, known as tektites. There was,
he said, a huge concentration of them in sediments laid down about 10,000 BC.
Variations in the amounts in different parts of the world suggested Earth was
hit by seven large fragments and many smaller ones.
Tollmann's findings are supported in principle by Clube. He has just published
the results of 20 years research into comets and the way their paths through
space intersect with the Earth's. He concludes that many of the big events in
history were a result of collisions with comets or their debris.
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THEORY SUPPORTING THE BIBLICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GREAT FLOOD
According to Plato, the island of Atlantis and the distant Mediterranean
civilizations were completely destroyed in a single day and night of violent
earthquakes and floods. They disappeared into the depths of the sea. And
according to Plato, the Great Flood occurred around 11,400 years ago.
Analysis of staghorn coral (a coral that always grows in shallow water) provides
evidence that the ocean level rose 400 feet since the end of the last Ice Age
and the Ice Age came to an abrupt end 11,650 years ago. This occurred
when global temperatures rose approximately 7o C.
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DOES THE EARTH CHANGE ITS SHAPE ?
It is known that there was a diminish of the geomagnetic field at 12,400 BP,
which is regarded as 10,400BC.
-
THE BIBLICAL FLOOD
Alexander Tollmann, "a professor in the institute of geology at the University of Vienna, compared the
numerous myths of a great flood, recorded in almost every prehistoric civilisation, with the geological
evidence for a comet impact at about the same time. He used the two sources of information to
date the flood very precisely, to around the year 9,600 BC.
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HISTORY
hat this entailed at one point a great flooding of all coastal regions on the,
what you call, Atlantic areas and all those areas within that region called
Mediterranean is true. For a great surge was felt under the sea creating waves
unlike any ever seen. This surge also pushed forth much debris called ash. For
two volcanoes then erupted creating much darkness. That this was followed by
several days of rain is true, but that was not the cause of the flooding. For
rather did the tidal surge supply the flood. Note that a tidal surge,
not a tsunami, is claimed. This implies a rapid crustal shift.
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GALACTIC ENCOUNTERS, APOLLO OBJECTS AND ATLANTIS:
Ancient literature, impact results, possible
location of Atlantis. The date given for the catastrophe, corresponding to circa
11.600 B.P. YA or 9,600 BC, fits well the commonly accepted starting time
for the withdrawal of the global ices now estimated at 11,450 B.P.
-
SUDDEN CLIMATE TRANSITIONS DURING THE QUATERNARY
The time span of the past few million years has been punctuated by many rapid
climate transitions, most of them on time scales of centuries to decades or even
less. The most detailed information is available for the Younger Dryas-to-
Holocene stepwise change around 11,500 years ago, which seems to have occurred
over a few decades. The speed of this change is probably representative of
similar but less well-studied climate transitions during the last few hundred
thousand years. These include sudden cold events (Heinrich events/stadials),
warm events (Interstadials) and the beginning and ending of long warm phases,
such as the Eemian interglacial. Detailed analysis of terrestrial and marine
records of climate change will, however, be necessary before we can say
confidently on what timescale these events occurred; they almost certainly did
not take longer than a few centuries.
Various mechanisms, involving changes in ocean circulation, changes in
atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases or haze particles, and changes in
snow and ice cover, have been invoked to explain these sudden regional and
global transitions. We do not know whether such changes could occur in the near
future as a result of human effects on climate. Phenomena such as the Younger
Dryas and Heinrich events might only occur in a 'glacial' world with much larger
ice sheets and more extensive sea ice cover. However, a major sudden cold event
did probably occur under global climate conditions similar to those of the
present, during the Eemian interglacial, around 122,000 years ago. Less
intensive, but significant rapid climate changes also occurred during the
present (Holocene) interglacial, with cold and dry phases occurring on a 1500-
year cycle, and with climate transitions on a decade-to-century timescale. In
the past few centuries, smaller transitions (such as the ending of the Little
Ice Age at about 1650 AD) probably occurred over only a few decades at most.
All the evidence indicates that most long-term climate change occurs in
sudden jumps rather than incremental changes.
A comet impact generating massive amounts of atmospheric dust will change
Earth's weather rapidly. Hoyle postulates that the oceans act as a buffer,
limiting these changes to around a decade of so.
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CORROBORATING EVIDENCE ON THE REALITY OF ATLANTIS
Plato affirms that the demise of Atlantis took place "9,000 years before the
times of Solon". Now, Solon visited Egypt at about 600 BC, which adds to a total
of about 11,600 BP (Before Present). Now, this is precisely the date of the
cataclysmic ending of the Pleistocene Ice Age, as given by the geologic record.
So, we are led to conclude that Plato's date is correct, and that the Greek
philosopher indeed knew what he was talking about.
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CUBA VERSUS HISPANIOLA ?THE ATLANTIS DEBATE CONTINUES
Although the view that Hispaniola was ancient Atlantis has been given a boost
again recently by Professor Emilio Spedicato of Bergamo University, I argue that
the island of Atlantis described in Plato's Timaeus and Critias is the
neighbouring island of Cuba (see the TRUE LOCATION section of the website). Even
Emilio, after reading GATEWAY TO ATLANTIS, has admitted that Cuba is `a very
good candidate' for the title of Atlantis. He further adds that `only
archaeological work will perhaps solve the riddle.'
Yet just as Plato describes, it was drowned beneath the waves following `earthquakes
and floods?of the sort proposed in connection with the Carolina Bays cometary impact
of the ninth millennium BC (see GATEWAY TO ATLANTIS).
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IRELAND IS LOST ISLAND OF ATLANTIS, SAYS SCIENTIST
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LOST CITY OF ATLANTIS 'FOUND' OFF THE COAST OF CYPRUS
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ATLANTIS EXPEDITION REVEALS STRUCTURES OFF CYPRUS
The sonar scans of manmade structures one mile below water off the southeast
coast of Cyprus were presented here Thursday by Robert Sarmast, head of the
Cyprus/Atlantis Expedition project for the first time.
Announcing the results of last year's expedition to find one of human kind's
greatest mysteries, the legendary Atlantis, Sarmast presented three dimension
underwater side-scan sonar pictures of structures 1.5 km below sea level, 80 km
off the southeast coast of Cyprus in the Eastern Mediterranean.
He said it was no coincidence that his team discovered a 3km long straight wall
intersected at right angles by another wall, adding that this will silence any
remaining skepticism about his longstanding claims that modern Cyprus is what
remains of a much larger and now partly sunken mass which fits Plato's
description of the ancient land of Atlantis.
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PERHAPS A TSUNAMI SANK ATLANTIS
THERE occurred violent earthquakes and floods...the island of Atlantis
disappeared in the depths of the sea." That was how Greek philosopher Plato
described the destruction of the legendary city. Now new evidence suggests that
he was writing about a devastating tsunami.
Plato describes destruction in a single day and night - not over a week, not
over a century - pointing to one catastrophic event. He talks about violent
earthquakes and flooding, implying there was ...
-
TSUNAMI CLUE TO 'ATLANTIS' FOUND
A submerged island that could be the source of the Atlantis myth was hit by a
large earthquake and tsunami 12,000 years ago, a geologist has discovered.
Spartel Island now lies 60m under the sea in the Straits of Gibraltar, but some
think it once lay above water.
-
ATLANTIS 'OBVIOUSLY NEAR GIBRALTAR'
Jacques Collina-Girard, from the University of the Mediterranean in Aix-en-
Provence, says it could have been sited on an island close to the Strait of
Gibraltar, and would have vanished below the waves about 11,000 years ago - just
as Plato said it did.
-
SEAFLOOR SURVEY BUOYS ATLANTIS CLAIM
In a recent paper in Geology, Marc-Andre Gutscher of the European Institute for
Marine Studies in Plouzan?gives details of one candidate for the lost city: the
submerged island of Spartel, west of the Straits of Gibraltar.
The top of this isle lies some 60 metres beneath the surface in the Gulf of
Cadiz, having plunged beneath the waves at the end of the most recent ice age as
melting glaciers caused the sea level to rise.
Geological evidence has shown that a large earthquake and a tsunami hit this
island some 12,000 years ago, at roughly the location and time indicated in
Plato's writings.
The conference in Greece came to no firm conclusions about the city's existence.
But researchers managed to agree on 24 criteria that a geographical area must
satisfy in order to qualify as a site where Atlantis could have existed. The
place must have accommodated such oddities as hot springs, northerly winds,
elephants, enough people for an army of 10,000 chariots, and a ritual of bull
sacrifice.
At present there are half a dozen candidates for Atlantis's location, each one
with its own shortcomings. Some say that settling on a final answer may prove
impossible.
-
SEA LEVEL STUDY REVEALS ATLANTIS CANDIDATE
Curiously, nobody has really taken seriously the most obvious location,"
Collina-Girard adds. According to Plato, Atlantis lay just in front of the
Pillars of Hercules - what we now call the Strait of Gibraltar - and disappeared
around 9000 BC.
- ATLANTIS 11,600 YA
DATE. Considers different analyses for the location of
Atlantis.
-
THE TRUE HISTORY OF ATLANTIS
- MAYA-MU-OLD-CIVILIZATIONS
-
FORGET ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING, WE ARE ONE STEP AWAY FROM EXTINCTION
The impact in Hudson Bay sent up 200,000 cubic miles of the glacier, throwing
off the icy debris that followed the pieces of the comet out across the
continent. A rain of incandescent debris and chunks of steaming ice showered
down across most of North America, Europe and Asia. Within minutes, the massive,
low-flying clumps crashed into the Carolinas and the eastern seaboard, exploding
into fireballs and gouging out the Carolina Bays, over 500,000 of them. Other
lumps exploded across the plains from Nebraska and Kansas to Arizona.
-
- THE 8,300 BC STRIKE- Swarm B' - 10,300 YA
-
THE CASE FOR SOLAR FORCING OF CLIMATE
High-resolution analyses of an early Holocene climate event may imply decreased
solar forcing as an important climate trigger.
The authors assembled a wide range of lacustrine, tree-ring, ice-core and marine
records that reveal a Northern Hemispheric - and possibly global - cooling event
of less than 200 years duration with a 50-year cooling-peak centered at
approximately 10,300 years BP. Just a couple more nudges and we should arrive at
the seemingly inevitable conclusion that earth's climate on sub-Milankovitch
timescales is tightly coupled to variable solar activity. Like the ones
caused by comet impacts?
- THE 7,800 BC STRIKE- Swarm B - 9,800 YA
-
CHRISTOPHER KNIGHT AND ROBERT LOMAS
URIEL'S MACHINE claims that the Book of Giants tells us that the Nephilim were
witness to a cometary impact that involved the fragmentation of a comet nucleus
which broke into seven pieces and careered into seven oceans of the world around
7545 BC.
-
A NEW VIEW OF NOAH'S FLOOD
Using evidence from the archaeological record, they date the Ice Age comet
impact at 7640 B.C. About that time, 10,000 species became extinct. Another
high-energy series of comets seems to have impacted the planet in about 3150
B.C., and they speculate this caused Enoch's/Noah's flood.
-
SELECTED GEOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES IN AUSTRIA AND IN THE ALPS
TOLLMANN gives an interesting but controversial explanation for a series of
landslides around Imst in the Tyrol. So an extraterrestial body has possibly
caused the landslide. The impact might have shaken the surrounding
mountains, triggering other landslides that would have once happened anyway.
TOLLMANN dates the comet as 7550 B.C. and, referring to rich but controversial
evidence, he claims that it was one small of seven large and some small
fragments of a comet. The large ones struck the sea Some scientists (e.g.
PREISINGER) argue, that the evidence TOLLMANN refers to is not secure, in
particular the dendrochronological, ice-core and radio-isotope data.
-
MEETING HISTORY
To me the most interesting piece of information in 'Uriel's Machine' is an
explanation of the flood that comes out of modern science rather than historical
myth. It explains the persistence of race memory myths from all around the world
and the dramatic decrease in biological and genetic diversity that occurred
about 10,000 years ago. Contains Tollmann's picture.
-
SOLVING THE MYSTERY OF THE BIBLICAL FLOOD
The Tollmans research provided them with seven likely areas for seven ocean
impacts. More evidence comes from the study of dendrochronology. They discovered
a blip in the radio-carbon calibration curve relative to the Tunguska explosion
in 1908, so looked for one to fit in with their own findings, and they again
found an anomoly, a pronounced peak around 9500BP,or around 7000-8000 BC.
Further evidence came from ice cores, taken and tested in 1980, which show a
huge peak of nitric acid around 7640 BC. Nitric acid forms as the comet,
or asteroid, burns through the atmosphere, burning the nitrogen in the air, thus
falling as rain. This may also be linked to biblical descriptions of the flood
in which the descriptions of 'bloody rainfall' are used.
-
DIE TOLLMANN-SINTFLUT
Die Marke des ... rund neuneinhalb Jahrtausende zurückliegenden Sintflut-
Impaktes ergibt sich mit höchster Wahrscheinlichkeit in dem Horizont von 7640
+/- 170 Jahre v. Chr., der ALLE ÜBRIGEN SÄUREHORIZONTE DER GESAMTEN SERIE AN
INTENSITÄT WEIT ÜBERTRIFFT."[ 9 ]
-
"VOLCANIC ACTIVITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE" or
"VOLCANIC ACTIVITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE"
Camp Century. Location Date BC. Cluster
- Unknown ? 7090?60 79 50
- Unknown ? 7240?60 124 80
- Unknown ? 7500?60 51 35
- Unknown ? 7640?70 412 260:
Note: Two means 7570 +/- 70 BC and 7165 +/75 BC and
- Unknown ? 7710?70 69 45 B:
- Unknown ? 7810?70 73 45 B:
- Unknown ? 7910?70 95 60 B:
Note: Mean 7810 +/- 100 BC
This is as if members of the B swarm striking 7810 BC were caught in a few hundred
year orbit, striking again ~215 and ~645 years later with the worst being around 7640 BC.
-
COMETS, DRAGONS & PROPHETS OF DOOM
If a giant comet swarm were thrown into a short-period, Earth-crossing
orbit, its disintegration under the effect of sunlight would release a
copious amount of dust into the inner planetary system. Ploughing through such
dust, the Earth would acquire a reflective blanket and cool by up to about 5
degrees, possibly sliding into a new ice age. Even after this phase, brief,
sharp climatic coolings would be expected during epochs when the Earth passed
annually through the comet's meteor stream. Precession of the cometary orbit,
analogous to the slow wobble of a spinning top, is guaranteed to lead to epochs
when the orbits of Earth and comet intersect. Passing through the 'IRAS
trail', annual meteor storms of huge intensity would then be expected, with a
correspondingly enhanced risk of a Tunguska-like impact, perhaps
concentrated into brief but devastating swarms.
Something like this likely happened about 9910 years ago forming Tollman's
series of impacts.
Numerous prophecies of doom, from Zoroaster to the Book of Revelation, clearly
show celestial impact motifs: the Persian prophet Zoroaster (c. 500 BC) predicts
a world-end in which "Ahriman (Satan) will make a comet strike the Earth causing
a huge conflagration"; the Book of Revelation describes a huge burning mountain
falling from the sky, dropping hail and fire on the Earth, while the Sun and
Moon are darkened by smoke pouring from the abyss; Sodom and Gomorrah were
destroyed by a rain of fire from Heaven, and so on. Cometary as well as meteor
motifs are also found in these myths (for example, Revelation has a huge, red,
multiple-headed dragon in the sky) and were recognized as such by ancient
writers.
The concept that an asteroid killed the dinosaurs has seeped into popular
culture over the past 15 years or so. Recently, the question: "Could it
happen to us?," has also become a matter of increasing public interest.
- THE 6,800 BC STRIKE- Swarm A' - 8,800 YA
- THE 6,200 BC STRIKE- Swarm A - 8,200 YA
- 6 Feburary
1998
About 8,200 years ago, the world climate suddenly got colder and stayed that way
for a few hundred years before temperatures returned to normal, according to a
team of paleoclimatologists. "This event, which we are calling the 8K event, was
short compared to other, more distant events, " says Anna Maria Agustsdottir, graduate
student in geosciences, Penn State. "We see it in the Greenland ice cores as one
of the biggest dips during the Holocene."
-
ANCIENT FLODO BROUGHT GULF STREAM TO A HALT
Just over 8000 years ago, a huge glacial lake in Canada burst, and an estimated 100,000 cubic
kilometres of fresh water rushed into the North Atlantic. Researchers now say they know for
sure that this catastrophic event shut down the Gulf Stream and cooled parts of the northern
hemisphere by several degrees for more than a hundred years.
Lake Agassiz was a giant lake that formed at the end of the last ice age as the huge Laurentide
ice sheet melted (see a simulation of the process). The lake occupied most of the modern-day
Canadian Midwest between the Hudson Bay and the US border.
-
"VOLCANIC ACTIVITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE"
Camp Century. Location Date BC. Cluster
- Unknown ? 6060?40 119 7 A: Cl - 1
- Unknown ? 6230?40 102 65 A: Cl - 2
Note: Mean 6145 +/- 85 BC
-
NOAH'S ARK FLOOD SPURRED EUROPEAN FARMING
An ancient flood some say could be the origin of the story of Noah's Ark may
have helped the spread of agriculture in Europe 8,300 years ago by scattering
the continent's earliest farmers, researchers said on Sunday.
Using radiocarbon dating and archaeological evidence, a British team showed the
collapse of the North American ice sheet, which raised global sea levels by as
much as 1.4 meters, displaced tens of thousands of people in southeastern Europe
who carried farming skills to their new homes.
"The flooding of the Black Sea was not well dated but we got it down to about 50
years," said Chris Turney, a geologist at the University of Exeter, who led the
study. "As soon as the flooding is done, farming goes crazy across Europe."
Noah's flood occured about 5200 years ago. This was another flood.
- THE 5,600 BC STRIKE- Swarm C - 7,600 YA
-
(8) MORE ON THE 4000 BP EVENT
Climate became dry stepwise with an abrupt transition from one stage to another
during the entire Holocene and became driest since about 4,200 BP. Maximum dry
climate spells occurred at about 12,000-10,000 BP and after about 4,200 BP. A
dry climate event also existed at about 7,600 BP.
Notice the 3,400-year gap between the 4,200 and 7,600 BP. Are there two
comet clusters separated by 700 - 800 years in the A swarm?
-
THE CATASTROPHIC DELUGE WHICH ENTERED THE BLACK SEA, CIRCA 7,500 YEARS AGO
Two senior scientists from Columbia University have proposed a theory that a
massive transfer of water occurred about 5600 BCE - over seven and a half
millennia ago. They wrote: "Ten cubic miles of water poured through each day,
two hundred times what flows over Niagara Falls." "The Bosporus flume roared and
surged at full spate for at least three hundred days." 60,000 square miles of
land were inundated. 1 The Black Sea shoreline significantly expanded to the
north and east. The lake's its water level was raised many hundreds of feet. It
changed from a fresh-water landlocked lake into a salt water lake connected to
the world's oceans.
Circa 5650 to 5500 BCE: Warmth and rain returned once more. The New Euxine lake
was still landlocked and fresh. But the Mediterranean Sea and Sea of Marmara
had gradually risen to a level some 426 feet (130 meters) higher than the lake.
It was held back only by a small rise of land at the Bosporus River -- now the
Bosporus Straight near present-day Istanbul, Turkey.
- THE 5,000 BC STRIKE- Swarm B' - 7,000 YA
-
THE MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF TSUNAMI ALONG THE SOUTH COAST OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
AUSTRALIA
The first event probably occurred concomitantly with the rise of Holocene sea-
level near modern levels around 7000 BP. The latest event occurred around 800
years BP although there is sufficient evidence to suggest that one event may
have occurred just before European settlement. The recurrence interval of
tsunami is now approaching one event every 600 years.
-
BIBLE 'CLUE' FOUND
Scientists have uncovered ancient ruins under the Black Sea indicating that
people lived in the area before a cataclysmic flood.
Some scientists have linked the 7,000-year-old event, thought to have been
caused by waters bursting through from the Mediterranean Sea, to the Biblical
story of Noah.
-
HOW 7,000-YEAR-OLD TEMPLES REVEAL THE ELABORATE CULTURE OF EUROPE
-
FOUND: EUROPE'S OLDEST CIVILISATION
More than 150 gigantic monuments have been located beneath the fields and cities
of modern-day Germany, Austria and Slovakia. They were built 7,000 years ago,
between 4800BC and 4600BC.
- THE 4,500 BC STRIKE- Swarm B - 6,500 YA
- THE 3,500 BC STRIKE- Swarm A' - 5,500 YA
-
EVOLUTION - 1:2
"However, in 1971 it was studied through radiographs and discovered to be a
complicated instrument having 30 gears, a planetarium that could determine the
motions of the sun and the moon and determine their location in the past and
where they would be in relation to the Earth in the future. Such complex
instruments with differential gears did not appear in the West until 1575. Yet
Ovid credited such an invention to Archimedes, the inventor and discoverer of
the principle of gravity, in 300 B.C.
The author of the article in 'Omni'
observed: "The oldest societies with a written record - Egypt, Mesopotamia, and
the Indus Valley - seem to have emerged without any cultural antecedents,
between 3400 and 3100 B.C. Seemingly out of nowhere there suddenly appeared a
uniform code of laws, the wheel, knowledge of astronomy and agriculture Is it
mere coincidence that three centers of enlightenment should emerge
simultaneously at widely separated locations?"
We need to study all these ruins with a High Tech equipment for proof and
understanding, to see if they were before, or after the Flood, . . .
The World Before The Flood, they had all types of groupings as we have
today, from High Tech to Primitive and this leaves the findings we are
discovering today in our new Top Strata, which need to be qualified as: Before
Flood (BF), and After Flood (AF).
-
BEFORE THE STONES: STONEHENGE I AS A COMETARY CATASTROPHE PREDICTOR?
By Duncan Steel
It is suggested here that one such pair occurred in 3600-3500 and 3200-3100 BC,
provoking the construction of the Great Cursus and Stonehenge I.
-
A 5,500-YEAR-OLD MYSTERY EMERGES
In the shadow of a much more recent war, a five-year excavation on the Syrian-
Iraqi border has uncovered an ancient settlement of unexpected sophistication
that was suddenly wiped out by invaders 5,500 years ago.
- THE 3,000 BC STRIKE (Noah's Great Flood)- Swarm A -
5,000 YA
- DID A COMET CAUSE THE GREAT FLOOD?
Masse's epiphany came while poring over Hawaiian oral histories regarding the
goddess Pele and wondering what they might reveal about the lava flows that
episodically destroy human settlements and create new tracts of land. He
reasoned that even though the stories are often clouded by exaggerations and
mystical explanations, many may refer to actual incidents. He tested his
hypothesis by cross-checking carbon-14 ages for the lava flows against dates
included in royal Hawaiian genealogies. The result: Several flows matched up
with the specific reigns associated with them in the oral histories. Other
myths, Masse theorizes, hold similar clues.
Masse's biggest idea is that some 5,000 years ago, a 3-mile-wide ball of
rock and ice swung around the sun and smashed into the ocean off the coast of
Madagascar. The ensuing cataclysm sent a series of 600-foot-high tsunamis
crashing against the world's coastlines and injected plumes of superheated water
vapor and aerosol particulates into the atmosphere. Within hours, the infusion
of heat and moisture blasted its way into jet streams and spawned super-
hurricanes that pummeled the other side of the planet. For about a week,
material ejected into the atmosphere plunged the world into darkness. All told,
up to 80 percent of the world's population may have perished, making it the
single most lethal event in history.
Kepler,
Galileo, Newton (and especially his assistant Whiston) and Halley
formalized the mathematics of celestial bodies and even realized the possible
influence of comet strikes in causing Noah's flood. The problem is that Burckle crater has not been
dated, but Dr. Abbott estimates that it is 4,500 to 5,000 years old. Noah's
Great Flood is fairly firmly dated to 3195 BC based on tree
ring data.
- - Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
To give one final example, the next Irish oak "narrowest ring" event
back in time before 2345 BC was at 3195 BC, where more than third of all
available trees showed their narrowest rings in the range 3197-3190 -
obviously a very bad set of conditions for Irish oaks by any standard.
Figure 5 shows the Irish chronology together with evidence for a
building pause in a Swiss lake-side settlement. Tercier et al. (1996)
reported a change in village orientation at Montilier "Platzbunden" in
the years just before a building pause from 3202-3187 BC. What is
interesting here is that archaeological opinion suggests that a change
of orientation is most likely associated with a change in prevailing
wind direction. That in turn suggests a possible change in atmospheric
circulation which in turn could be associated with something happening
with ocean circulation. Interestingly hints of changes in sea level had
already been deduced from the strange coincidence of oak chronologies
starting just around 3200 BC in the low-lying areas of both eastern and
western England (Baillie 1995). That suggestion is reflected in the
observation of high sulphate in the Greenland GISP2 ice core between
3200-3100 BC, which Zielinski et al. (1994) interpreted as probably due
to deposition of biogenic sulphate from open water in the permanent sea
ice off the Greenland coast. Once again we see that the accumulation
of evidence from different proxies spells out potentially important
environmental stories of direct relevance to archaeologists, not least
in this case because of a transition in the archaeological record in the
British Isles around 3200 BC. - Mike Baillie; Dendrochronologia 2003
I wouldn't rule out 3195 being an impact of some kind. Private comunication
with Dr. Mike Baillie 25 Feb. 2003
-
(8) ICE CORES MAY YIELD CLUES TO 5,000-YEAR-OLD MYSTERY or
ICE CORES MAY YIELD CLUES TO 5,000-YEAR-OLD MYSTERY
- Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
Something happened 5,200 years ago that was abrupt and very large-scale.
Thompson and his research team are in a race against time to retrieve cores from
these ice caps in order to preserve the thousands of years of climatic history
trapped inside. And at the top of their agenda is solving the puzzle of what
occurred 5,200 years ago. We know the climate was different then. Before that,
the proportion of warm water flowing off the coast of Peru was much greater, he
said, a key factor in fueling the El Nino/La Nina climate events affecting this
part of the globe. We know that the Ice Man, a preserved Neolithic hunter
exposed by a retreating glacier in the European Alps, was trapped by the ice
around 5,200 years ago, he said, and that had to occur very abruptly. Earlier
work by the Ohio State team on ice cores taken from Tanzanias Mount Kilimanjaro
ice fields showed that a catastrophic drought had devastated the tropics around
5,200 years ago, a period of time when anthropologists believe THAT many people
abandoned a nomadic lifestyle to form cities and social structures.
-
A RECORD OF PLANETARY CATASTROPHE
A recent study published in the current issue of the journal Proceedings of the
National Academy of Science found evidence of an abrupt climate shift on Earth
about 5,000 years ago -- the most dramatic evidence being the discovery of
unfossilized wetland plants around the margin of the Quelccaya ice cap.
-
(13) MORE EVIDENCE FOR ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGE IN 3114 BCE or
MAYAN DATES FOR THE COMET ENCOUNTER
- Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
- 16 June, 3122 BCE - The First Maize Revealer Partitioner is born
- 7 December, 3121 BCE - Birth of Lady White (?)
- 13 August, 3114 BCE - Image made visible at Closed Sky, the First Three
Stone Place;
Event for The First Maize Revealed Partitioner
- 5 February, 3112 BCE - The First Maize Revealed Partitioner enters the sky,
-
ESSAY: THE BOOK OF THE CELESTIAL COW- Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
"The Book of the Celestial Cow", apparently a record of the cometary encounter
and impact ca. 3114 BCE. 5114 YA)
-
HISTORY
hat this entailed at one point a great flooding of all coastal regions on the,
what you call, Atlantic areas and all those areas within that region called
Mediterranean is true. For a great surge was felt under the sea creating waves
unlike any ever seen. This surge also pushed forth much debris called ash. For
two volcanoes then erupted creating much darkness. That this was followed by
several days of rain is true, but that was not the cause of the flooding. For
rather did the tidal surge supply the flood. Note that a tidal surge,
not a tsunami, is claimed. This implies a rapid crustal shift.
-
DOES THE EARTH CHANGE ITS SHAPE ?- Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
Richard L. Meehan of Stanford university is doing intensive researches on the
phenomena that happened around 3200 BC. Some of them from his report are shown
below.
- Sulfate concentration in Greenland ice core shows a huge spike at 3200 BC.
- Atmospheric methane in Greenland ice core shows the lowest value at 3200 BC
followed by abrupt increase.
- Dead Sea levels peak, which is 300 feet higher than today, in 3200 BC.
- Oxygen isotope in Greenland ice core shows big freeze-up in 3000 BC.
- Belfast oak tree ring chronology peaks about 3150 BC, suggesting major
climate event.
- Heavy flooding in Navajo country, the American Southwest, based on
paleoflooding studies. The peak at 5K yrs BP.
- More evidences ranging from climate changes to historical events and myths.
There is a sharp drop of the geomagnetic strength during 3500 - 3000 BC. While
there is a peak at around 500 AD, since then it has been decreasing. It is
reported that the decease rate is 5% in 100 years, while some reports say that
the latest value is 6%.
-
CLIMATE, CULTURE, AND CATASTROPHE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD
Links to
geological and paleoclimatalogical data bearing on the remarkable events of
3000 BC, when urban/technological society began are offered. Most of the data
comes from referenced scientific literature. A graph of scientific events around
the
Biblical Flood Period (3200 - 2800 BC) is also offered. A Stanford
University project.
-
WHAT CAUSED NOAH'S FLOOD? How Long Ago Did the Flood Occur? Most theologians
accept a period between 6,000 to around 5,000 years ago.
-
AN IMPACT EVENT IN 3114BC? The Beginning of a Turbulent Millennium.
- Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
-
A UNIVERSAL FLOOD: 3000 BC
-
CHRISTOPHER KNIGHT AND ROBERT LOMAS- Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
In their opinion, ancients witnessed a worldwide cometary impact in c. 7545 BC
(later stated maybe to be 9800 - -9700 BC) and a later similar catastrophe,
centered on the Mediterranean, c. 3100 BC (after the work of Clube and
Napier, Duncan Steele, etc.).
-
CULTURE RAINED OFF - 26 June 2001
El Niño events may have altered the course of prehistoric civilization. Around
3,000 years ago rainfall seems to have put paid to the Peruvian progress it
kicked off 3,000 years earlier, US researchers now report.1
-
ADDING UP THE RISKS OF COSMIC IMPACT - Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
Masse went on to say that at least some of the tales of a Great Flood, found in
hundreds of cultures around the world, may relate to an oceanic impact that set
off a tsunami.
“The preliminary picture emerging from this analysis is that on or
shortly after May 10 in 2807 B.C., the earth was struck by a cosmic
impact in
the deep waters between Africa and Antarctica. ... These data indicate that the
flood itself was the very real product of a combination of large tsunami and
atmospheric rainout.?I>Final report not located.
-
CATASTROPHES: THE DILUVIAL EVIDENCE - Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike Conclusion:
"Whilst there is no geological evidence at any time for a worldwide flood on the
scale described in Genesis, there are abundant indications of widespread floods
and other catastrophes during the period humans have been living on the Earth,
in particular during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition around 11,500 years
ago, and near the beginning of the Late Holocene, around 2300 B.C.. There are a
large number of unanswered questions about events at both of these times.
Hopefully we shall not have to wait until the golden jubilee of the SIS in 2024
before we get satisfactory answers to them."
Note: When the British archaeologist, Sir Leonard Woolley, excavated the ancient
Sumerian city of Ur, in what is now southern Iraq, between 1928 and 1934, he
found a 3 metre thick layer of alluvial silt on top of the levels of the Ubaid
Period (conventionally dated to around 4000 B.C.) and beneath the first traces
of the succeeding Uruk Period. To some, including Woolley himself, this seemed
like evidence for the flood of Noah. However, no other sites were found to show
similar alluvial deposits during the Ubaid Period. On the other hand, at the
nearby city of Shuruppak (the modern Fara), there was evidence of a flood during
the Early Dynastic Period, around 2750 B.C., and an alluvial deposit
dating from around the same time was found at another Sumerian site, the city of
Kish.
-
ANCIENT CRASH, EPIC WAVE - Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
On close inspection, the chevron deposits contain deep ocean microfossils that
are fused with a medley of metals typically formed by cosmic impacts. And all of
them point in the same direction ?toward the middle of the Indian Ocean
where a newly discovered crater, 18 miles in diameter, lies 12,500 feet below
the surface.
The explanation is obvious to some scientists. A large asteroid or comet, the
kind that could kill a quarter of the world's population, smashed into the
Indian Ocean 4,800 years ago, producing a tsunami at least 600 feet high,
about 13 times as big as the one that inundated Indonesia nearly two years ago.
The wave carried the huge deposits of sediment to land.
Most astronomers doubt that any large comets or asteroids have crashed into
the Earth in the last 10,000 years. But the self-described "band of misfits"
that make up the two-year-old Holocene Impact Working Group say that astronomers
simply have not known how or where to look for evidence of such impacts along
the world's shorelines and in the deep ocean.
- THE 2,350 BC STRIKE- Swarm C - 4,350 YA
-
CLAY TABLET IDENTIFIED AS ASTEROID THAT DESTROYED SODOM AND GOMORRAH
A clay tablet that has baffled scientists for 150 years has been identified as a witness¡¦s
account of the asteroid suspected of being behind the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.
Researchers who cracked the cuneiform symbols on the Planisphere tablet believe that it
recorded an asteroid thought to have been more than half a mile across.
Using computers to recreate the night sky thousands of years ago, scientists have pinpointed
his sighting to shortly before dawn on June 29 in the year 3123BC.
The researchers say that the asteroid¡¦s impact would explain why at Kofels there is evidence
of an ancient landslide 5km wide and 500m thick.
COMMENT
It's true the surface of the ground is littered with fragments of brimstone in the area speculated
to be Sodom & Gomorrah, it's also true no one knows the date Sumerians or Pre-Sumerians began recording
in cuneiform on clay tablets, but an Assyrian could read the Akkadian transcriptions of Sumerian at
that date.
-
COMET DESTROYED SODOM AND GOMORRAH - INDEPENDENT ON SUNDAY, 30 March
1997
-
COMETS THROUGH TIME 2350 BC audio
-
METEOR CLUE TO END OF MIDDLE EAST CIVILISATIONS
Satellite images of southern Iraq have revealed a two-mile-wide impact crater
caused by a meteor. The catastrophic effect of these could explain the mystery
of why so many early cultures went into sudden decline around 2300 BC. They
include the demise of the Akkad culture of central Iraq, with its mysterious
semi-mythological emperor Sargon; the end of the fifth dynasty of Egypt's Old
Kingdom, following the building of the Great Pyramids and the sudden
disappearance of hundreds of early settlements in the Holy Land.
-
COMET-CAUSED COLLAPSE OF THIRD MILLENNIUM BC CIVILIZATIONS?
Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
Coincident with the previous appearance of Comet Hale-Bopp in 2213 BC, something
singularly dreadful seems to have happened on our small fragile blue planet. Not only
does it appear that both the ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations totally
collapsed for a century or more, there is evidence of a sudden catastrophic-but-temporary
climate change at this time. Is there a "bad weather" connection? Should we be concerned
with the connection if there is one?
Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
Sodom and Gomorrah may have been destroyed by debris from
a comet, startling new archaeological and astronomical
research suggests. Another bombardment from space may
have brought on the Dark Ages.
The research, to be presented to a special conference at
Cambridge University this summer, provides dramatic
evidence for an extraterrestrial cause for the wholesale
collapse of several civilisations around 2200 BC.
[Experts believe that the Biblical account of the
destruction of the 'Cities of the Plain' may be an early
description of what happened.]
-
PALEOENVIRONMENTAL DATA FOR ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGE:
Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
My hypothesis is that there were two events, the first one around
2350 BC (2345 BC?), and the second one around 2200 BC (2193-2194 BC?),
of similar cause, but possibly independent of each other.
-
NATURAL CATASTROPHES DURING BRONZE AGE CIVILIZATIONS - 1997
Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
The evidence of a great cataclysm between 2200 BC and 2190 BC is so
compelling that on this basis we can't dismiss it. On the other hand,
Courty is right in her theory of a major occurrence which I would date
between 2350 BC and 2340 BC.
I suggest that there really were two disparate events, a local one
in Near East 2200-2190 BC and 150 years later, 2200-2190 BC,
(likely means 2350 - 2340 BC) a global one.
-
EVIDENCE FOR MAJOR IMPACT EVENTS IN THE LATE THIRD MILLENNIUM BC
Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
Mesopotamia and other above-mentioned places were not the only victims of the 2200 BC
event. As far away as in China, the Hongsan culture fell in pieces at this same time.
This, if not anything else, is an indication of the mighty character of the event,
and bolsters us to consider it as global.
-
SODOM AND GOMORRAH
Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
It seems that there was a great catastrophe around 2200 BC that has
destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah. The Earth was hit in 2194 or 2193 BC by
a comet which had spread into many parts, as did Comet Shoemaker-Levy
9 which hit Jupiter in 1994 AD. The Dead Sea lies at latitude 31 degrees N,
and the badly devastated Mohenjo-Daro on the shores of Indus had a latitude
of 28 degrees N. China's Yangtze area has a latitude of around 30 degrees. N.
(Impact latitude is stable, longitude varies, such as it did for Comet
Shoemaker-Levy 9.) This latitude is also the latitude between Canary Islands
and Madeira.
Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
The incidence of 2345-2344 BC may have been an Anatolian event, destroying
most badly the area from Troy (IIg) to Tell Leilan. The incidence of 2194-2193
BC surely had a global frame. Mahabharata may describe what happened at Mohenjo-
dara, Indus. Edda may describe what happened in the Atlantic Ocean.
-
FROM JEWISH CHRONICLE - 6 March 1998
According to Israeli born social anthropologist Benny Peiser, of Liverpool
John Moores University, such biblical catastrophes as the destruction of
Sodom and Gomorrah or the flood may well record the havoc wrought by
heavenly bodies. The Talmud records the tradition that God caused the flood
by taking two stars and casting them to earth, says Dr Peiser. "Before, we
did not know of any phenomenon that could trigger such a massive flood
disaster," he adds. "Now, recent research on ocean impacts shows that a
large body hitting one of the world's oceans could trigger the kind of
massive tsunamis capable of wiping out coastal cities."
-
CLUES TO BRONZE AGE COMET STRIKE - 25/05/1998
Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
Evidence is growing that a huge comet smashed into the Earth about 4,000 years
ago. Scientists are pointing to studies of tree-rings in Ireland which have
revealed that about 2,354-2,345 BC there was an abrupt change to a colder
climate.
-
METEOR SHOWERS BLOTTED OUT MAN'S FIRST CIVILISATIONS - 15 December 1997
Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
A CATACLYSMIC shower of giant meteors destroyed the great Bronze
Age civilisations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece by provoking a
series of natural disasters.
New archeological and astronomical evidence indicates that a huge number of
extraterrestrial bodies caused famine, flooding and bushfires thousands of
miles wide that led to the collapse of the world's first sophisticated
civilisations.
The findings could solve the puzzle of why successful empires from across
the globe all apparently collapsed at roughly the same time in about 2350BC,
despite the fact that they were independent of each other and all
flourishing until their sudden demise.
-
ADDING UP THE RISKS OF COSMIC IMPACT
Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
Bruce Masse, an environmental archaeologist with Los Alamos National Laboratory,
has tried to untangle other astronomical observations from ancient tales told
from the Middle East to Hawaii. He referred to an impact event in the Rio Cuarto
region of northern Argentina, in which an asteroid 100 to 300 yards (or meters)
in diameter apparently broke up as it zoomed through the atmosphere, leaving a
trail of craters.
This event, which has been dated to around 2000 B.C., may square with tales told
of a catastrophic “Great Fire?by cultures in a large region around the impact
site, Masse said.
-
(2) THIRD MILLENNIUM BC CLIMATE CHANGE & OLD WORLD COLLAPSE
From: JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE 25,2 (1998), pp. 185-86
Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
The present volume could be viewed as an exposition on exactly these
concepts. However, it is also important to know that new evidence,
deduced since the volume was produced, has actually made these points
even more emphatically. It is known that an abrupt downturn in Irish
oaks at 2354-2345 BC (Baillie 1995) falls close to the Icelandic Hekla
4 tephra horizon dated to 2310+/-20 CalBC by the wiggle-matching of
high precision radiocarbon dates (Hall et al. 1994). Courty (1997) has
now revised the dating of the original c.2200 BC abrupt environmental
event seen at Tell Leilan, in Syria, to c.2350 BC! Thus this volume of
papers has now to be seen against the existence of what may well be a
very dramatic and widespread environmental downturn - a classic point
event - the nature of which is hinted at by the report of both tephra
and glass spherules at and around the destruction layer at Tell
Leilan.
-
CLUES TO BRONZE AGE COMET STRIKE -May 1998
Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
Evidence is growing that a huge comet smashed into the Earth about 4,000 years
ago. Scientists are pointing to studies of tree-rings in Ireland which have
revealed that about 2,354-2,345 BC there was an abrupt change to a colder
climate.
-
THIRD MILLENNIUM BC CLIMATE CHANGE AND OLD WORLD COLLAPSE - June 1998
Dalfes, G Kukla, H Weiss. Springer/NATO ISBN 3-540-61892-9 hb - Book Review
-
CLUES TO BRONZE AGE COMET STRIKE - 5 November 2001
Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
Evidence is growing that a huge comet smashed into the Earth about 4,000 years
ago. Scientists are pointing to studies of tree-rings in Ireland which have
revealed that about 2,354-2,345 BC there was an abrupt change to a colder
climate. They have also highlighted discoveries by archaeologists in northern
Syria of a catastrophic environmental event at about the same time. This is also
about the time that Bronze Age civilizations collapsed.
-
CULTURE RAINED OFF 26 June 2001
Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
Climate-related rise and fall of civilizations has been seen elsewhere. In
1993, Harvey Weiss, of Yale University, and his colleagues claimed that
abrupt climate change about 4,200 years ago caused a prolonged drought in the
Middle East, affecting civilizations from the Aegean Sea to the Indus River and
leading to the collapse of the Akkadian Empire in the Euphrates valley.
-
CUNEIFORM DOCUMENT LIBRARY HITS WEB
The Associated Press, Fri 17 May 2002
``We are hoping to bring the richness of Mesopotamian culture to anyone who
works on anything. We have agriculture texts, magic texts and medical, legal and
religious texts. This is a treasure trove that has not been exploited,'' Tinney
said.
-
POSSIBLE CRATER DISCOVERY IN IRAQ - 16 November 2001
Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
Master regards the structure as a possible meteorite impact crater, in a paper
presented in September at the Meteoritical Society meeting at the Vatican City.
Master, in an abstract in Meteoritics and Planetary Science, also speculated on
a possible link between this structure, if it turns out to be in impact crater,
and the account of the Flood in the Epic of Gilgamesh, which dates from the end
of the 3rd millennium BC. Now other scientists, including archaeologists and
astronomers, have seized on this discovery to explain the puzzling demise of a
number of Bronze Age sites in the Ancient Near East around 2,300 BC.
-
(1) NEW EVIDENCE FOR 4000 BP NATURAL DISASTER & CIVILISATION COLLAPSE -
24 May 2000
Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
Archeological evidence has shown that this highly developed civilization
collapsed abruptly near 4170 +/- 150 calendar yr B.P., perhaps related to a
shift to more arid conditions. Geochemical correlation of volcanic ash shards
between the archeological site and marine sediment record establishes a direct
temporal link between Mesopotamian aridification and social collapse,
implicating a sudden shift to more arid conditions as a key factor contributing
to the collapse of the Akkadian empire.
-
COMET CATASTROPHE
Corroboration comes from Mesopotamia. Something brought down the Akkadian civilization.
Around 2200 BC - give or take at least a decade in the approximate dating and close enough
to the comet's last appearance to raise questions - civilization collapsed.
- THE 1,600 BC STRIKE- Swarm B' - 3,600 YA
- MINOAN CULTURE SURVIVED ANCIENT VOLCANO, EVIDENCE SHOWS
A LONGSTANDING theory of archeology, linking a devastating volcanic eruption to
the sudden collapse of the Minoan civilization at its peak of splendor, has
apparently been demolished by new excavations on a tiny island off the north
coast of Crete.
They uncovered architectural and ceramic remains indicating instead that the
civilization continued to flourish for some 150 years after the eruption in
about 1600 B.C.
Radio carbon dating of seeds and wood found in the volcanic ash at Santorini led
scientists from the University of Pennsylvania to push back the time of the
eruption to no later than 1600 B.C. Ash preserved in ice cores from Greenland
seems to confirm the new date, Danish and French scientists said last year.
Dr. Marinatos himself was forced to revise his thesis by explaining that there
were probably several different earthquakes and eruptions, culminating in the
decisive disaster between 1470 and 1450 B.C.
-
(7) A FEW COMMENTS ON McBEATH'S VIEWS ON THE HISTORICITY OF THE JOSHUA
IMPACT EVENT - 12 February 2002
Swarm B': Cl - 2 Strike
Sure enough, after the ca 1586 BCE Joshuaevent these now defenseless people are
conquered by Achaeans ca 1580 BCE. . . . The only question that remains is
whether
this event ca 1586 BCE involved "stones" or "hailstones". This date is
amazingly
close to "channeled" data. See:
CS - early/94: This comet cluster passed through the solar system 3582 years
ago.
-
(6) BRONZE AGE CITIES MAY HAVE BEEN DESTROYED BY COMET
Swarm B': Cl - 1 Strike
A SERIES of natural disasters which befell Bronze Age civilisations in many
parts of the world may have been the result of comets or meteorites smashing
into the Earth. The most exciting new evidence comes from Dr Marie-Agnes Courty,
a French expert in the microscopic study of soils and sediments.
The original evidence was gathered by the French archaeologist
Claude Schaeffer and published almost half a century ago.
He found that Bronze Age sites over a huge area of the near and Middle East
showed evidence of four destructive episodes, the three most prominent at
2,300 BC, 1,650 BC, and 1,200 BC.
-
NATURAL CATASTROPHES DURING BRONZE AGE CIVILISATIONS:
Archaeological, Geological and Astronomical Perspectives.
-
COMETS MAY HAVE CAUSED EARTH'S GREAT EMPIRES TO FALL - 17 August 1999
Swarm B': Cl - 1 Strike
In a forthcoming book, Catastrophe, the Day the Sun Went Out, British historian
David Keys describes a 2-year-long winter that began in A.D. 535. Trees from
California to Ireland to Siberia stopped growing. Crops failed. Plague and
famine decimated Italy, China and the Middle East. Researchers say similar
environmental calamities occurred around 3200 B.C., 2300 B.C., 1628 B.C.
and 1159 B.C. Each led to the collapse of urban societies in widely scattered
portions of the globe.
-
ICE AGE END NEAR 1500 B.C. AND GENESIS
Submarine megalithic structures off the coasts of Malta, Egypt, Lebanon, India,
China, and Japan in waters up to 70 meters deep were evidently submerged when
the Ice Age ended and sea-level rose about 100 meters because of runoff from the
melting of the Ice Age ice-packs. Many of these megaliths were astronomical
measuring devices, which indicates that their Ice Age constructors had map-
making capabilities and sailed the seas, as demonstrated by a commonality of the
architectural motifs of the megaliths worldwide, and as demonstrated by Turkish
navigational maps which were sourced from ancient Phoenician maps and show
coastlines of the Ice Age world with accuracies of latitude and longitude to not
be matched until modern times.
- THE 1,200 BC STRIKE- Swarm B - 3,200 YA
-
(4) MOSES' COMET - 7 July 1999
An Impact, Plus a Volcano, May Have Battered Biblical Egypt
Moses called down a host of calamities upon Egypt until the pharaoh finally
freed the Israelites. Perhaps he had the help of a comet
impact coupled with a volcano. The Exodus story is traditionally dated to either
the thirteenth or fifteenth century B.C.
The Exodus story includes dust, several days of darkness, hail, dead fish,
undrinkable water, cattle killed by hail, water breaking out of
rocks, the earth opening, the sea parting as in a tsunami, and so on.
-
12TH CENTURY BC. WHY THE GLOBAL CATASTROPHY?
-
12TH CENTURY BC. WHY THE GLOBAL CATASTROPHY?, HISTORICAL QUERIE , PUZZLE
The diffusion of ironworking technology was at least partially responsible for
the collapse of the Minoan, Mycenaean and Hittite civilisations around 1200 BCE,
as these advanced peoples lost their technological lead to their barbarian
neighbours.
-
COMET SWARM THAT PASSED EARTH 3200 YEARS AGO TO RETURN
- COMET PHAETHON'S
RIDE dates it to 1159 B.C.E., or 3159 YA
A period of celestial "comet" activity is noted, suggesting multiple comet
cluster passing throught the inner solar system.
- Though definitive dating of protohistoric impact events can only come from
careful stratigraphic work, there are some rather strong indicators that a nasty
encounter such as suggested here occurred about 1159 B.C.E This is not an
arbitrary date for it marks the beginning of a sharp decline in the annual
growth of Irish bog oak which lasted almost two decades and for that reason
stands
out in the over seven thousand year long dendrochronological record based on
this
species of tree
- This "warring period" (given as 1148-1122 B.C.E. by N. Koss 1979) is the
subject of a later historical novel (Feng-Shen Yen-I) which contends that the
war between Shang and Chow groups was not caused by human factors but by the
predestined investiture of the gods (see S.H. Chang 1990 pp. 169-70). In the
Shoo King (book of history) there are several mentions of heaven sending down
calamities during this time period.
This 26 year long swarm is the same that is anticipated to arrive soon again,
this time between 2006 and 2012 (or 2016) AD. Two primary swarms are
envisioned,
but there may be more.
- COMETS AND THE
BRONZE AGE COLLAPSE results from the last pass of the threatening comet
swarm (Swarm B) about 3200 YA (years ago).
During a close approach to a massive object like our planet a comet would be
gravitationally disrupted
(Phaethon's disentegrating chariot) independent fragments would then further
break to pieces as they entered
Earth's atmosphere. This debris, of various shapes and sizes, would scatter
widely along the path of the fall,
each piece harboring energy in proportion to its mass. The "footprint" of this
event could have included some
of: southern Europe, the Mediterranean, the Near East, and Northern Africa.
Damage, however, would not be
uniform throughout this area. If the disintegrating objects were traveling south
of east, as the Phaethon story
implies, the more massive fragments would travel farther and release their
greater energy, explosively, lower in
the atmosphere toward the southeast end of the elliptical area directly affected
by the fall. In other words, the
Near East would be more heavily damaged than southern Europe. A survey scaling
intensity of site destruction
might reflect this aspect, i.e., vitrification of soil and building materials
might occur below lower altitude
multi-megaton blasts.
Secondary effects of a large impact event would include: a spottily enhanced C-
14 environment, making this
means of dating unreliable to confirm or refute simultaneous destruction of
disparate sites; a large production
of oxides of nitrogen yielding dangerous ozone depletion, perhaps giving a
survival advantage to darker
skinned people in the aftermath, particularly in equatorial regions; acidic
precipitation from the above-mentioned
atmospheric chemistry; and, in the higher latitudes, impact winter, caused by
suspended dust and soot.
-
(5) WHEN CIVILIZATION COLLAPSED: DEATH OF THE BRONZE AGE - 11 October
2001
From the time of Ramesses III (c. 1182-1151 B.C.E.) through that of Ramesses
VII (c. 1133-1127 B.C.E.), the price of emmer wheat in Egypt gradually rose
to eight (or, for a time, 24) times its earlier price. Not until the reign
of Ramesses X (c. 1108-1098 B.C.E.) did the price drop, but even then it
remained twice what it had been at the beginning of the 12th century. During
this period, the government also sometimes failed to pay grain and other
food rations owed to artisans who cut and decorated the royal tombs. The
craftsmen staged strikes at least six times between about 1154 B.C.E. and
1106 B.C.E. because their grain allotments were months in arrears.
-
TROY VII AND THE HISTORICITY OF THE TROJAN WAR
In any consideration of the historicity of the Trojan War, the fundamental
questions to be addressed are:
(1) Where did it take place? Necessarily at Hisarlik or possibly elsewhere?
(2) When did it take place? Is there a time within the range of dates
established by later Greek tradition for the war (1334-1184 B.C.) when
the Mycenaeans could have undertaken the sort of joint military venture
described by Homer, of which the Catalogue of Ships in Book 2 of the Iliad may
be a genuine Bronze Age roster?
(3) If a destruction level caused by human agency at a likely site at a
date within the time-span assigned by Greek tradition to the Trojan War can be
identified, was the destruction in question the product of Mycenaean attackers?
The date of Troy VIIa's destruction probably lies within the half-century ca.
1230-1180 B.C., although Blegen ultimately placed it a generation or so earlier
and Podzuweit has recently suggested that it should be set a good deal
later.
This suggests that the termination of Trojan war may have been co-incident or
near co-incident with a comet impact.
-
ANCIENT CITY IN TROAS, NORTHWESTERN ANATOLIA.
Whether the site is the actual city of these works is still debated, but the
archaeological evidence indicates that a city (Troy VIIa) was destroyed at that
location c. 1260?0 BC and likely was the Homeric Troy. The ruins were
designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1998.
-
HELEN AND HER IMPACT ON GREEK ART AND CULTURE
The peoples of Greece are even known as the Hellenic peoples, suggesting that
Helen of Troy was of great consequence to the Oversoul
-
MEET HELEN OF TROY: BALD-HEADED, BARE-BREASTED AND BLOOD THIRSTY
For centuries, Helen of Troy has been portrayed as a woman whose beauty was so
great that it caused a war. Revered for her flowing hair and breathtaking
features, she eloped with
Paris, sparking the siege of Troy after her husband raised an army to
take her back.
It seems more than coincidental that 'Paris' has also become synonymous with
the 'City of Love'.
But, more than 3,000 years after events described in The Iliad, Helen is to
undergo a dramatic historical reappraisal. According to a controversial new
book, she was more likely to have been a shaven- headed, bare-breasted warrior
princess whose appetite for sex was matched only by her insatiable bloodlust.
The author, the historian Bettany Hughes, claims that the real Helen was a
powerful Bronze Age princess, living in the Greek city- state of Sparta around
1250BC. Basing her argument on extensive archaeological research, as well as
surviving friezes from the period, Hughes conjures a picture of Helen as a
dominant woman who would have worn a handful of snake-like strands of hair over
an otherwise shaven, and perhaps brightly dyed, head. Her breasts would almost
certainly have been exposed to reinforce her power and sexuality, and she would
have been a fit, trained fighter.
Her claims, published in Helen of Troy: Goddess, Princess, Whore, come as
excavations at Sparta have sparked speculation that Helen's long-lost
palace may be about to emerge from the hillside. Bronze Age remains there,
long thought to have been part of a modest house, have been identified by the
British team in charge of the digs as merely the storage areas of a much larger
palace complex. A nearby temple " called the Menelaion " has been matched to
early Greek sources which refer to it as 'Helen's Shrine'.
It is more than interesting that the names of 'Paris' and 'Helen of Troy' are
so well known, implying that they may have been 'Essence Twins';
see Table H-7.
- THE 200 BC STRIKE- Swarm A' - 2,200 YA
-
ROMAN COMET 5,000 TIMES MORE POWERFUL THAN A-BOMB
Swarm A': Cl - 2 Strike
This discovery, together with evidence from ancient tree rings and Roman
reports of 'stones falling from the sky', has led researchers to conclude
that the impact happened in about 200BC.
-
(1) FIRE, FLOOD AND COMET - New Scientist, 9 January 1999, p. 42
Swarm A': Cl - 2 Strike
The tree-ring record points to global environmental traumas between
2354 and 2345 BC, 1628 and 1623 BC, 1159 and 1141 BC, 208 and 204 BC
and AD 536 and 545. Baillie argues that the tree rings are recording
first the biblical flood, then the disasters that befell Egypt at the
Exodus, famines at the end of King David’s reign, a famine in China
that ended the Ch’in (sic) dynasty, and finally, the death of King
Arthur and Merlin and the onset of the Dark Ages across the whole of
what is now Britain.
-
"VOLCANIC ACTIVITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE"
Swarm A': Cl - 2 Strike
Camp Century. Location Date BC. Cluster
- Unknown ? 210?0 72 45 A': Cl - 2
- Unknown ? 260?0 54 35 A': Cl - 2
Note: Mean 235 +/- 30 BC
-
DID THE CELTS SEE A COMET IMPACT IN 200 B.C.?
A new-found field of impact craters may mark the site of a recent comet strike.
We have identified an exceptional field of meteorites and impact craters
stretching from the town of Altötting to the area around Lake Chiemsee in
southeastern Bavaria, Germany. While there are many meteorite "strewnfields"
known around the world, few contain significant craters. The Chiemgau
field, which falls within an ellipse 36 miles long and 17 miles (58 by 27
kilometers) wide, holds at least 81 impact craters ranging from 10 to 1,215 feet
(3 to 370 meters) in size. Many more craters may lie hidden in heavily forested
areas within the ellipse, and farming activities in the region may have
destroyed others.
-
SCIENTISTS SAY COMET SMASHED INTO SOUTHERN GERMANY IN 200 BC
The biggest
crater is now a circular lake called Tuettensee, measuring 370 metres (1,200
feet) across. Scores of smaller craters and other meteorite impacts can be
spotted in an elliptical field, inflicted by other debris.
The figure may be fine-tuned to around 200 BC, thanks to tree-ring evidence from
preserved Irish oaks, which show a slowing in growth around 207 BC. In addition,
Roman authors at about the same time wrote about showers of stones falling from
the skies and terrifying the populace.
The object is more likely to have been a comet than an asteroid, given the
length of the ellipse and scattered debris, the report says.
- Swarm A': Cl - 1 Strike
As to 430 BC, I don't know what caused it but there does seem to be a widespread
downturn from 430 to 420 or 410 BC, the coincidence of the start of this
downturn with the Plague of Athens is interesting. Private comunication
with Dr. Mike Baillie 25 Feb. 2003 A': Cl - 1
-
[DER HOLOZÄNE TÜTTENSEE-METEORITENKRATER IN SÜDOSTDEUTSCHLAND]
Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
-
THE HOLOCENE TÜTTENSEE METEORITE IMPACT CRATER IN SOUTHEAST GERMANY
Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
In Greek mythology there exists one story that has repeatedly been interpreted
to describe the fall of a celestial body: the story of Phaethon, who undertakes
a disastrous drive with the sun-chariot of his father Helios. First, the article
presents the arguments given by ancient authors for interpreting this story as
the reflection of a natural phenomenon. Then details given in the old
descriptions of Phaethon's fall are compared with nowadays knowledge of impact
phenomena. Furthermore the texts are examined for clues to the time and the
location of the hypothesised impact. These considerations substantiate the
suggestion that the myth of Phaethon reflects a concrete strike of a meteorite,
the so-called Chiemgau Impact. That impact struck the south-east of
Bavaria/Germany at some time during the Celtic period and left an extended
crater-strewnfield of about 100 craters. A conspicuous intersection between the
tradition of the Phaethon-story and the up to now known time-frame for the
Chiemgau Impact gives new clues for dating the Chiemgau Impact to the time
between 600 and 428 BC.
- THE 500 AD STRIKES- Swarm A - 1,500 YA
- THERE IS STRONG HISTORICAL AND DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL (TREE RING) EVIDENCE OF A
COMET IMPACTS
440 and 534 AD.
Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
The 440 AD (1560 YA) strike? appears to have been in
Britain. According to a TV production aired on KQED 9:00PM 16 May 2000 report,
Celtic tales of Arthur record the fiery destruction of Camelot and the hands of
the Sun god (tails of comets) reaching upwards. The 534 AD (1466 YA) strike
seems to have caused 70 - 80% of China's population to die. The KQED production
reports atmospheric sulfur increased around this date, also suggesting a
volcanic eruption. See also Baillie's "A Slice of Time" or "Exodus to Arthur".
Note: the three-body situation involved result in quasi-periodic, not periodic,
comet strikes.
- EXODUS TO ARTHUR: CATASTROPHIC ENCOUNTERS WITH
COMETS - A Book.
-
(4) THE DAY THE SKY FELL IN: ASTEROID IMPACT AND THE FALL OF ROME
Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
The data indicate that the crater was formed in about 412 AD, with an
uncertainty of 40 years in either direction. Additional sampling may
allow this spread to be reduced, but it is clear that the event occurred
close to the fall of Rome: some time between 370 AD and 450 AD, when the
city was again under attack, this time by the Vandals.
-
THE DAY THE SKY FELL IN February 6, 2003
Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
A metallic asteroid may have coincided with the fall of Rome, says Duncan Steel.
A small metallic asteroid descended from the sky, making a hypervelocity impact
in an Apennine valley just 60 miles east of the city. This bus-sized lump of
cosmic detritus vaporised as it hit the ground. In doing so, it released
energy equivalent to around 200 kilotonnes of TNT: around 15 times the power
of the atomic bomb that levelled Hiroshima in 1945. The data indicate that the
crater was formed in about 412 AD, with an uncertainty of 40 years in either direction.
-
(3) THE DAY THE SUN WENT OUT
Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
In 535 AD, nature literally came to standstill. Winter gripped the
earth for two years. Startling new evidence shows that trees all over the world
- from Ireland to Siberia, California to Finland - stopped growing during the
mid-sixth century.
Eyewitness accounts describe what we might now call a 'nuclear winter.'
According to the Syrian Bishop, John of Ephesus "The sun became dark
...Each day it shone for about four hours, and still this light was
only a feeble shadow." An ancient chronicle from Southern China states
that: "Yellow dust rained like snow. It could be scooped up in
handfuls." Famine and plague followed, killing millions and altering
the course of history.
-
A DARK AGE MYSTERY UNRAVELLED
Scientists at Cardiff University, UK, believe they have discovered the cause of
crop failures and summer frosts some 1,500 years ago. The answer? A comet
colliding with Earth.
The team has been studying evidence from tree rings, which suggests that the
Earth underwent a series of very cold summers around 536-540 AD, indicating an
effect rather like a nuclear winter.
-
SCIENTISTS: COMET CAUSED DARK AGE FROSTS
Using evidence from tree rings, the scientists at the School of Physics and
Astronomy determined that Earth underwent a series of very cold summers around
536-540 A.D. because a comet hit the planet and exploded in the upper
atmosphere.
-
COLLISION WITH COMET MAY HAVE HASTENED FIRST PLAGUE EPIDEMIC
Studies of tree rings - from preserved oaks retrieved from Irish bogs to ancient
American pine trees - have shown that plant growth around the world almost
stopped between about 536 AD to 545 AD. Chinese records from this time refer to
a "dust veil" obscuring the skies. Mediterranean historians record a "dry fog"
that blocked out much of the sun's heat for more than a year. One idea is that a
super-volcano erupted, but neither the volcano nor its acidic deposits have been
identified. The other proposal involved a collision with a big asteroid or
comet, but there was no direct evidence such as a crater.
However, some believe a much smaller comet which exploded in the atmosphere
could easily have generated the dust and debris in the 6th century catastrophe.
The surprising result of these calculations is just how small a comet fragment
we have estimated was needed to cause the observed effects. The comet plunges
into the upper atmosphere leaving an effectively hollow tube behind it, where it
has been, and into which the surrounding air has not yet had time to diffuse.
This tube then acts rather like a gun barrel, focusing much of the energy of
the airburst explosion along the tube and carrying with it much of the comet
debris, the scientists (Dr Ward-Thompson, Mel Symonds and Emma Rigby) write in
the journal Astronomy and Physics. As a result, the plume would have spread
around the world in a massive fountain of debris.
-
ASTRONOMERS UNRAVEL A MYSTERY FROM THE DARK AGES
Earth underwent a series of very cold summers around 536-540 AD, indicating an
effect rather like a nuclear winter. The scientists believe this was caused by a
comet hitting the earth and exploding in the upper atmosphere. This work shows
that even a comet of only half a kilometre in size could have global
consequences. The comet impact caused crop failures and wide-spread starvation
among the sixth century population. Nostradamus
Quatrain I/69 envisions a 474 meter diameter comet impact.
-
(7) 6TH CENTURY CATASTROPHE: WELSH DRAGONS PROBABLY COMETS
Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
-
A.D. 536 AND ITS AFTERMATH-THE YEARS WITHOUT SUMMER - June 1998
Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
A book by Joel D. Gunn, Department of Anthropology, The University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
Global Climate Change in the First Millennium A.D.
Part II presents the convincing, even overwhelming, historical evidence from
literate societies that A.D. 536cal was a watershed moment in the
history of the world. A search for a plausible boundary between Classical and
Modern times has been a subject of debate for much of the
twentieth century. Young argues that A.D. 536cal was the breakline between
classical and modern times.
-
(3) MODERN GLOBAL EFFECTS OF AN AD 536 EVENT
Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
There were successive crop failures in China and the British Isles seem
to have been devastated. There is good suggestive data that multiple
Tunguska events were involved, at least, and there is no evidence for
major volcanic eruptions at that time (which argues strongly for a
cosmic vector with the Taurid stream a most likely source).
-
(1) THE MERLIN 'VISION' AND THE 6th CENTURY 'EVENT' - 28 October 1998
Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
Interestingly the battle of Arfderydd is recorded in the oldest text of the
"Annales Cambriae" as having occurred in the year AD 573, and
this in turn reminded me of an earlier post to the CCNet by Joel D. Gunn
regarding the AD 536 'event' and the upheaval of the 6th century.
Could this tale of the 'vision' by the Merlin figure be a recollection of a
fragmenting comet/asteroid 'event', with the 'tremendous din'
being of a tunguska-like airburst? It made me wonder about the mention in that
post, which I then looked up in the CCNet archive: Referring to the 440 AD
strike?
- TREE RINGS CHALLENGE HISTORY - 08/09/2000
Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
Mike
Baillie (Queen's University in Belfast, UK) said growth rings in bog oaks
and archaeological timbers indicated that a great catastrophe struck the Earth
in AD 540. Professor Baillie favors the idea that comet fragments smashed into
the atmosphere throwing up dust and gas that blocked out the Sun. This, in turn,
led to crop failures, famine and even plague among the weakened peoples of the
world.
-
MYSTERY CLOUD OF AD 536
Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
The densest and most persistent dry fog on record was observed in Europe and the
Middle East during AD 536 and 537. There is sufficient detailed information to
estimate the optical depth and mass of this remarkable stratospheric dust cloud.
Its importance resides in the fact that its mass and its climatic consequences
appear to exceed those of any other volcanic cloud of the past three millennia.
-
(8) MORE ON THE AD 540 EVENT - June 1998
Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
Surely, if a volcanic vector were a major player in the AD 540 event, this
activity would have registered in Greenland, as the AD 79 eruption
did if the signal at AD 77 (off due to counting error) is the result of
Vesuvius. To the best of my knowledge, every known major eruption above
10 degrees S. latitude in the past 2000 years has registered in the Greenland
ice. It is hard to imagine a volcanic vector for the AD 540
event (not) to have registered there, too.
-
(5) MORE ON THE AD 536 EVENT - June 1998
Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
Univ. North Carolina reports on a recent conference dedicated to the A.D. 536
marker event as a global phenomenon. The cause for this climate plunge seems to
be undetermined as between volcanic and cosmic.
- A COMET IMPACT IN AD 536?
Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
-
(11) DOUBTS ABOUT VOLCANIC CATASTROPHE AD 536 6 April 2000
Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
-
(12) DRAGONS, BEOWULF, & FIRE FROM THE SKY - 14 March 2000
Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
The interesting point being that Chinese stories note dragons wrestling
in ponds in 503 and 524 while in the West Beowulf wrestles Grendel's
mother in a pond in a context which has independently suggested dates
between 495 and 533. Why would two such similar concepts appear at
almost exactly the same times so far apart? Here the Chinese context
helps by telling us that their dragons are associated with fireballs.
But better still they tell us that where the dragons passed "all the
trees were broken" which could have a Tunguska type ring to it.
Surprisingly, in Beowulf as Grendel's mother takes off across the moors
"They followed the (her) tracks along forest paths..." which sounds
remarkably similar to the Chinese version. In Heaney's recent
translation he says "The forest paths were marked all over with the
monster's tracks...". - Mike Baillie
-
"THE DARK AGES: WERE THEY DARKER THAN WE IMAGINED?"
Swarm B
The twelfth century BC is
associated with the "Greek Dark Ages", the end of the Hittite civilization in
the Near East, the end of Bronze Age Israel, and the end of the Bronze Age Shang
dynasty in China. Ancient Chinese history has the notion of "mandate from
heaven", where the rulers were essentially subject to the whims of the sky
above. Strange sights in the sky would not be seen as good news for Chinese
Emperors. Indeed, around this time, Chinese records speak of:
Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
"...many gods and spirits were annihilated in this battle, and several stellar
dignitaries were replaced by newcomers to the celestial domains."
Chinese historical records of AD 540 say:
"Dragons fought in the pond of the K'uh o. They went westward.... In the places
they passed, all the trees were broken."
Ben Rudder, an anthropologist who reviewed in New Scientist magazine a recently
published book by Baillie on the subject, wrote:
"If Baillie is right, history has overlooked probably the single most important
explanation for the intermittent progress of civilization. Worse, our modern
confidence in benign skies is foolhardy, and our failure to appreciate the
constant danger of comet "swarms" is the result of a myopic trust in a mere 200
years of "scientific" records."
Baillie himself notes that:
"There is, I feel, a strong case for the contention that we do not inhabit a
benign planet. This planet is bombarded relatively often. If this story is
correct, we have been bombarded at least three times - and probably five times -
since the birth of civilization some 5,000 years ago. And each time, the world
was changed." Note, 5000 divided by 3 intervals is 1633 years. This Vulcan
web site suggests the quasi-periodic average is 1677 years.
- THE 1,000 AD STRIKE- Swarm C - 1,000 YA
-
(9) THE CATASTROPHIC YEARS AROUND 850 AD - 10 January 2001
Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
Could the comet, or comets, possibly causing the traumas around 850AD
actually have been seen? The excellent essay by James Palmer and Trevor
Palmer (CCNet, 5th.Dec.,2000) is supported by Barry Hetherington (1) who
points out comets seen in 836, 837 (Halley), two in 838, 840 (two,
accompanied by a report of a meteor shower in the same year(2)), 841
(two), 842, 844, 852, 853, 855, 857, 858, two in 864 (one observed as
yellowish), 866 ( noted as "comets appeared in the spring"), 867, 868
(three, one seen near Venus, another in January, and a third in
February), and 869. Most of these were recorded by Chinese observers,
but some by European. Although none of these comets are reported as
particularly spectacular, which one would have thought would be a
requirement of a giant, and possibly close-approaching, comet capable of
causing such devastation, at least they are evident. The culprit, such
as it may be, would certainly have been visible.
-
NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR BETWEEN 986 AND 1030 AD
Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
~1000: The climate of northern Europe is warming. Drift ice is rare south of the
Arctic Circle. This warm period continues until about the year 1200.
Drastic changes in the Earth's climate can occur within decades.
Due to comet or meteorite strike
-
THE NORSE HISTORY OF GREENLAND 982-1500
Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
- 982-985 Erik the Red explores and names Greenland, after being outlawed for
three years on account of manslaughter in Iceland.
- 986 Southern Greenland is settled by Erik the Red as he leads the first
settlers from Iceland. Erik the Red settles in Brattahlid (today's Qassiarsuk)
which becomes the center of the Eastern Settlement.
- 1408 A wedding is held at Hvalsey Church. This is the last written record
of
Greenland's Norse population.
Could the comet of swarm C have struck in the water warming the Earth as
Hoyle suggests?
-
(2) WAS THERE AN OCEANIC IMPACT IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE IN 1178? -
29 April 1998
Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
-
(1) OCEANIC IMPACT MIGHT HAVE INSPIRED ABORIGINAL LEGEND - April 1998
Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
Geologist Professor Ted Bryant believes the legend of a "white wave" that wiped
out Aboriginal culture more than 200 years ago tells of a natural
disaster that devastated the south coast of NSW after a comet strike in
the Tasman Sea.
The Wollongong University geologist estimates the tsunami was moving at
about 350kmh when it hit the coast. He believes the earlier tsunami,
which struck about 850 1150 AD years ago, was probably even bigger.
-
VIEW OF EASTER ISLAND DISASTER ALL WRONG, RESEARCHERS SAY
The first settlers on Easter Island didn't arrive until 1200 AD, up to 800 years
later than previously thought, a new study suggests.
The finding challenges the widely held notion that Easter Island's civilization
experienced a sudden collapse after centuries of slow growth. If correct, the
finding would mean that the island's irreversible deforestation and construction
of its famous Moai statues began almost immediately after Polynesian settlers
first set foot on the island.
"There may not have actually been any collapse," Lipo told LiveScience. "With
only 500 years, there's no reason to believe there had to have been a huge
[population] growth."
-
THE EVIDENCE OFANTHROPOGENIC GLOBAL BURNING
Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
1.1.2.9: The Medieval Warm Period - the Little Optimum (1150-1320 AD).
.. "from around 1150-1300 a much warmer climate was experienced throughout the
temperate latitudes."; "1100-1300AD medieval warm period."; "This warmer epoch
(1150-1300) is now usually referred to as the Little optimum."; "Between 900-
1300ad the world basked in temperatures about a degree warmer than today’s.";
"By 1200 Europeans has cut and ploughed their way across the continent with such
thoroughness that they threatened to create a treeless desert. With a few great
exceptions, Europe's great forests date from the late Middle Ages."; "Around
1,000 years ago came several centuries during which northern latitudes were
perhaps a few degrees warmer than today."Water Strike Wrms Earth - Hoyle
1.1.2.10: The Little Ice Age (1320-1850).
"By 1320 all northwest europe was in the grip of the little ice age. .. but the
little ice age did not finally end until the middle of the 19thc."; "1520-1850
ad little ice age." "There is widespread evidence for cooling during what is
generally recognized as the ‘Little Ice Age?of the fourteenth to the early
19C."; "The period 1550-1750 was the coldest this millennium .."
-
EUROPE'S CHILL LINKED TO DISEASE
Europe's "Little Ice Age" may have been triggered by the 14th Century Black
Death plague, according to a new study.
Pollen and leaf data support the idea that millions of trees sprang up on
abandoned farmland, soaking up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
The team found an increase in cereal pollen from 1200 onwards (reflecting
agricultural expansion), followed by a sudden dive around 1347, linked to the
agricultural crisis caused by the arrival of the Black Death, most probably a
bacterial disease spread by rat fleas.
-
(1) A BLAST FROM HEAVEN? MAJOR IMPACT DISASTER 500 YEARS AGO? or
A BLAST FROM HEAVEN?
But what may be a geologic smoking gun has now turned up in 1,000 feet of water
just south of New Zealand. Columbia University geologist Dallas Abbott has found
what appears to be an impact crater 13 miles across, implying that something
enormous, maybe half a mile wide, smashed into the crust there.
-
GLOBAL COOLING - MINI-ICE AGE
Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
It was AD 986. Erik the Red, ousted from Iceland for manslaughter, set sail with
a hardy group of Vikings for a faraway land. Erik called it Greenland, a place
ordinarily hostile to humans with its mile-thick ice cap.
What Erik could not have known was that his adventure, like other Viking
exploration a thousand years ago, was greatly aided by a long-term change in the
weather. For about 400 years, much of the earth's climate inexplicably warmed up
- a time now known as the Medieval Warm Period.
986 AD - 400 = 586 AD, close to 536 AD impact date.
Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
Then a chill set in. Slowly at first. People didn't want to believe it. Farmers
were reluctant to give up their new fields. Settlers on Greenland held on for as
long as possible. But the steadily expanding cold was irresistible by the 1200s.
Unspeakable hardships began to take hold in much of the world. In Iceland,
extensive grasslands that had supported sheep, goats, and cattle from AD 874 had
receded by 1200.
1.1.2.11: The Climatic Oscillations during the Little Ice Age.
"Following the medieval cold of the 1400s the weather seemed to oscillate
wildly. There were some very warm summers and some appallingly wet ones
producing floods and failed harvests. The early 1500s were generally warm, but
around the middle of the century the so-called little ice age set in - another
bitterly cold epoch."; "The period 1550-1750 was the coldest this millennium,
although the climate wildly fluctuated and the mid-1660s were so warm drought
struck in the summer."Comet fragment struck circa 1680 AD?
-
(2) ASTEROID TSUNAMI IN 1500 AD?
or
ASTEROID TSUNAMI Swarm C: Cl - 3 Strike
-
WHAT DAMAGE HAVE IMPACTS DONE TO HUMANS IN RECORDED HISTORY? - May 11,
2001
Swarm C: Cl - 3 Strike
The most incredible Chinese report is that of the Chíing-yang Meteorite Shower
of 1490. Supposedly, tens of thousands of people were killed during the shower
in the Shansi province. Yau et al. tell us that "[t]he Chíing-yang incident
seems rather implausible in terms of the total number of casualties and the
narrow size distribution of the meteorite fragments (Yau et al. 1994)," but they
also point out its similarities to the Tunguska event, which would have
devastated a populated area.
-
ADDING UP THE RISKS OF COSMIC IMPACT
Swarm C: Cl - 3 Strike
HISTORICAL RECORD
How does this square with human history? Here, scientists may review
records left in the language of folklore. For example, in China’s Shanxi
Province, 10,000 people were said to have been killed in the year 1490 by a hail
of “falling stones?that some astronomers surmise may have been triggered by the
breakup of a large asteroid. Strike killed many people, but maybe did not
change weather much.
- THE 1,700 AD STRIKE - Swarm B' - 300 YA
The Thames River at London froze frequently in the 1600s. "Frost
fairs" atop the Thames became common in the 1700s, and in 1820 it was so cold
that river ice was reported as five feet thick.
By 1700, Iceland was surrounded with sea ice that made commerce with the rest of
the world hazardous. And in faraway China, citrus groves that had survived for
centuries froze in Jiangxi province. The Little Ice Age lasted anywhere from 400
to 700 years. Exact dates are uncertain.Ice ages caused by the comet swarm C
and B' strikes overlapped.
-
METEOR FALLS AND OTHER NATURAL PHENOMENA BETWEEN 1392-1863
Table I shows the distribution of the records of abnormal phenomena I examined,
divided roughly into 50-year periods. Looking at Table I shows that the records
of unusual phenomena were concentrated from Period 3 to Period 7, or the period
from 1501-1750. This 250-year period comprises 63% of the total period examined,
yet it accounts for 80% of the recorded phenomena. Therefore, it seems safe to
assume that there was a high frequency of abnormal natural phenomena
concentrated during this period.
-
THE LOST CITIES and
A NEW LIGHT ON EASTER ISLAND