1. THE 11,600 BC STRIKE - Swarm B' - 13,600 YA
2. THE 11,000 BC STRIKE - Swarm B - 13,000 YA
3. THE 10,600 BC STRIKE - Swarm A' - 12,600 YA
4. THE 9,600 BC STRIKE - Swarm A' - 11,600 YA
5. THE 8,300 BC STRIKE - Swarm B' - 10,300 YA
6. THE 7,800 BC STRIKE - Swarm B - 9,800 YA
7. THE 6,800 BC STRIKE - Swarm A' - 8,800 YA
8. THE 6,200 BC STRIKE - Swarm A - 8,200 YA
9. THE 5,600 BC STRIKE - Swarm C - 7,600 YA
10. THE 5,000 BC STRIKE - Swarm B' - 7,000 YA
11. THE 4,500 BC STRIKE - Swarm B - 6,500 YA
12. THE 3,500 BC STRIKE - Swarm A' - 5,500 YA
13. THE 3,000 BC STRIKE - Swarm A - 5,000 YA
14. THE 2,350 BC STRIKE - Swarm C - 4,350 YA
15. THE 1,600 BC STRIKE - Swarm B' - 3,600 YA
16. THE 1,200 BC STRIKE - Swarm B - 3,200 YA
17. THE 200 BC STRIKE - Swarm A' - 2,200 YA
18. THE 500 AD STRIKE - Swarm A - 1,500 YA
19. THE 1,000 AD STRIKE - Swarm C - 1,000 YA
20. THE 1,700 AD STRIKE - Swarm B' - 300 YA
21. CHICAGO AND OTHER RECENT IMPACT RELATED FIRES - Swarm B
22. TUNGUSKA AND OTHER RECENT STRIKES - Swarm B

• Do not believe in anything simply because you have heard it.
• Do not believe in anything simply because it is spoken and rumoured by many.
• Do not believe in anything simply because it is found written in your religious books.
• Do not believe in anything merely on the authority of your teachers and elders.
• Do not believe in traditions because they have been handed down for many generations.
• But after observation and analysis, when you find that anything agrees with reason and is conducive to the good and benefit of one and all, then accept it and live up to it.

- Gautama Buddha

1. THE 11,600 BC STRIKE - Swarm B' - 13,600 YA
   • THE YOUNGER DRYAS
     Note: 13.65 kyr BP aka YA (during the Bolling/Allerod)
2. THE 11,000 BC STRIKE- Swarm B - 13,000 YA
   • THE END OF AN (ICE) AGE
     University researchers Douglas Kennett and Jon Erlandson are part of a group of scientists proposing that a comet or asteroid hit North America about 13,000 years ago - near the end of the last ice age - and contributed to major events in the continent's history, including the die-off of horses, mammoths and other large mammals around the same time.
   • ICE AGE COMET THEORY CAUSES BIG BANG - Some say it hit U.S. 13,000 years ago
     Now a research group that includes two University of Oregon scientists is proposing a more dramatic cause for the extinctions: A 3-mile-wide comet or asteroid exploded over Canada or slammed into the continent about 13,000 years ago.
     University of Oregon archaeologists Douglas Kennett and Jon Erlandson are among about two dozen scientists who say the impact also could have led to the abrupt cooling known as the Younger Dryas, which lasted 1,200 years.
     The researchers laid out their proposed theory recently in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. They say the evidence is in a 2-inch-thick carbon-rich black mat found in about 50 sites across North America.
     Their article says the layer contains grains with iridium, carbon spherules and fullerenes packed with concentrations of helium 3, "all of which are evidence for an extraterrestrial impact" about 12,900 years ago and the raging wildfires that followed.
     They suggest that heat from the detonation or impact may have set off wildfires across the continent and destabilized the vast Laurentide Ice Sheet that covered much of Canada and the northern United States. The melting of ice may have led to a flood of fresh water, changing ocean currents in the North Atlantic and contributing to the cooling climate that reduced human populations and added to the demise of the animals.
     No giant crater has been found from the impact, but the scientists say the comet may have broken into smaller pieces and detonated in various places.
     "If a comet hit the Laurentide Ice Sheet, it would not have left a big crater," Erlandson said. "It's ice on ice, and it's going to throw up enormous amounts of shattered ice and debris."
   • EXTRATERRESTRIAL IMPACT WIPED OUT LIFE DURING ICE AGE
     What caused the extinction of mammoths and the decline of Stone Age people about 13,000 years ago remains hotly debated. Overhunting by Paleoindians, climate change and disease lead the list of probable causes.
     But now, a new study has reported evidence of a comet or low-density object barrelling toward Earth, exploding in the upper atmosphere and triggering a devastating swath that wiped out most of the large animals, their habitat and humans of that period.
     "The detonation either fried them or compressed them because of the shock wave. It was a mini nuclear winter," said Ted Bunch, NAU adjunct professor of geology and former NASA researcher who specializes in impact craters.
     Till date, no one has found a giant crater in the Earth that could attest to such a cataclysmic impact 13,000 years ago.
     But the research team has offered evidence of a comet, two and a half to three miles in diameter, that detonated 30 to 60 miles above the earth, triggering a massive shockwave, firestorms and a subsequent drastic cooling effect across most of North America and northern Europe.
     "The comet may have broken up into smaller pieces as it neared the Earth and then these pieces detonated in various places above two continents," Bunch said.
   • RESEARCH TEAM SAYS EXTRATERRESTRIAL IMPACT TO BLAME FOR ICE AGE EXTINCTIONS 24-Sep-2007 -
     What caused the extinction of mammoths and the decline of Stone Age people about 13,000 years ago remains hotly debated. Overhunting by Paleoindians, climate change and disease lead the list of probable causes. But an idea once considered a little out there is now hitting closer to home.
     A team of international researchers, including two Northern Arizona University geologists, reports evidence that a comet or low-density object barreling toward Earth exploded in the upper atmosphere and triggered a devastating swath of destruction that wiped out most of the large animals, their habitat and humans of that period.
   • WERE ANCIENT AMERICANS WIPED OUT BY METEOR STRIKE?
     Some 12,900 years ago disaster struck the North American continent. The Earth's climate, which had been getting steadily warmer at the tail end of the retreating Ice Age, suddenly dropped catastrophically. The megafauna, such as camels and mammoth died out. And the first people to populate the American landscape saw their numbers drop by an estimated 75%. A number of explanations have been offered for why this happened. One of the latest is that cataclysmic event thought to have caused several other upheavals in the Earth's history, an impact from outer space.
     Some event took place at the start of what we now call the Younger Dryas period, that had a violent effect on the Earth's climate world wide. While the temperature dropped in the north, the hunter-gatherers of the Levant and Middle East saw their surroundings stricken by severe drought. Many hold that this drought was the impetus for the invention of agriculture in this region, rich in easily domesticated plants and animals, setting mankind on the road to urbanisation, trade, and modern civilisation. The Clovis people were not so lucky.
     The melting glaciers that had covered Canada and large swaths of the United States had formed a giant fresh water sea, called Lake Agassiz, bigger than all of the present-day Great Lakes combined, in the center of North America. The remaining glaciation formed a dam, preventing a gradual run-off into the Atlantic. At some point, 12,900 years ago, that dam burst, and enormous quantities of cold fresh water drained into the North Atlantic in a deluge.
     And now some scientists are theorising that an impact might have contributed to three events almost 13,000 years ago, the sudden cold period, the disappearance of 35 large species of mammals (the horse and camel actually evolved in the Americas, and survived by crossing the Bering land bridge, heading the opposite way as the migrating humans, before they became extinct in their native environment), and the collapse of the Clovis culture. The demise of the megafauna could be explained by the Clovis hunters driving them to extinction. And the traditional Lake Agassiz deluge and the subsequent colder climate would suffice to explain the rest. But great systemic breakdowns are ususally not due to a single isolated event, but to a confluence of blows. While the system might have survived one, the second, or even third, proves fatal.
     At the joint assembly of the American Geophysical Union, which came together in Acapulco, Mexico on the 24th of May this year, a group of researchers presented their findings, which pointed to a major impact event on the North American continent at close to the start of the Younger Dryas period. A comet, some five kilometres across, entered the Earth's atmosphere, and exploded above the northern ice sheet, causing, among other damage, the catastrophic deluge of melt-water into the Atlantic.
     While they have been unable to point to any central impact crater, this could be explained by the bolide disintegrating in the air, and the principal strike zone being covered by glaciation. They also point to four large trenches below the present Great Lakes as possible testaments to the impact. The so called Carolina bays, located in line with the lakes, as well as thousands of smaller features along the Atlantic coast, might also have been a result of the impact. But some geologists protest that there are other, and far more plausible explanations for these features.
     All we know for sure is that the number of arrowheads, and probably the number of people, fall by 75% following this period. The America that emerged from the catastrophe, would be totally different from the one that had once been.
     And so it might be again.
   • COMET THEORY COLLIDES WITH CLOVIS RESEARCH
     Archaeologists have long known that the great beasts of the age - the wooly mammoth and mastodon - suddenly disappeared around the same time period (12,900 - 12,800 years ago), but little was known about their demise. It was thought to be the result of over-hunting by Clovis man or climate change associated with a new ice age.
     The notion that a comet collided with Earth and caused these events was farfetched until recently, when the group of scientists began looking for evidence of a comet impact, which they call the Younger - Dryas Event. They turned to Goodyear and the pristine Clovis site of Topper.
     They found iridium and plenty of it," said Goodyear. "The high concentrations were much higher than you would normally see in the background of the earth's crust. That tends to be an indicator of a terrestrial impact from outer space."
     The researchers also found high iridium concentrations at six other Clovis sites throughout North America, as well as in and along the rims of the Carolina Bays, the elliptically shaped depressions that are home to an array of flora and fauna along South Carolina's coast.
     The Younger- Dryas Event suggests that a large comet exploded above Canada, creating a storm of fiery fragments that rained over North America. The fragments could have easily killed the giant mammals of the day, as well as Clovis man.
   • DID COMET START DEADLY COLD SNAP?
     A comet or some other extraterrestrial object appears to have slammed into northern Canada 12,900 years ago and triggered an abrupt and catastrophic climate change that wiped out the mammoths and many other prehistoric creatures, according to a team of U.S. scientists.
     The sediment layer formed 12,900 years ago and coincides with both the extinction of the animals and the onset of a mini-ice age that lasted more than 1,000 years, say Ms. Becker and her colleagues from several U.S. universities and research labs. They say they are increasingly convinced the impact, extinction and cold snap are all related.
     According to their scenario, a comet or large meteoroid generated a shock wave and threw massive amounts of debris, heat and gas into the atmosphere. This set off wildfires that raced across grasslands in southern North America, depriving the mammoths and other grazing animals of food.
     The impact and heat also destabilized the ice sheet that blanketed Canada at the time, creating a flood of melt water that poured into the North Atlantic, according to their theory. The pulse of fresh water then shut down the ocean currents carrying heat from the tropics to the Northern Hemisphere, leading to an abrupt cooling. The resulting "mini-ice age" in the Northern Hemisphere, known as the Younger Dryas, lasted more than a thousand years.
   • CATASTROPHIC COMET CHILLED AND KILLED ICE AGE BEASTS (AND CLOVIS PEOPLE)
     An extraterrestrial object with a three-mile girth might have exploded over southern Canada nearly 13,000 years ago, wiping out an ancient Stone Age culture as well as megafauna like mastodons and mammoths.
     The blast could be to blame for a major cold spell called the Younger Dryas that occurred at the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, a period of time spanning from about 1.8 million years ago to 11,500 years ago.
     "Based on the distribution of material, it looks like this impact probably occurred in southern Canada near the Great Lakes, over what at that time would have been a major glacier, the Laurentide ice sheet," said one of the presenters, Richard Firestone of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
     They couldn't find a distinct crater, suggesting the comet burst in the air rather than slamming into Earth. Even an airburst should leave its mark, so the scientists think the Laurentide Ice Sheet absorbed much of the impact.
     During the last catastrophic animal extinction, more than three-fourths of the large Ice Age animals, including woolly mammoths, mastodons, saber-toothed tigers and giant bears, died out. Scientists have debated for years over the cause of the extinction, with both of the major hypotheses—human overhunting and climate change—insufficient to account for the mega die-off.
     An extraterrestrial explosion could have triggered a wave of massive wildfires that reduced to ashes the mastodons of the day, say the scientists. At one site called Murray Springs in Arizona, a well-known Clovis site, the scientists found megafauna covered by the comet debris.
     The evidence for a comet impact is substantial.
   • OREGON RESEARCHERS INVOLVED IN NEW CLOVIS-AGE IMPACT THEORY
   • COMET MAY HAVE DOOMED MAMMOTHS
   • ICE AGE ENDS SMASHINGLY: DID A COMET BLOW UP OVER EASTERN CANADA?
     Evidence unearthed at more than two dozen sites across North America suggests that an extraterrestrial object exploded in Earth's atmosphere above Canada about 12,900 years ago, just as the climate was warming at the end of the last ice age. The explosion sparked immense wildfires, devastated North America's ecosystems and prehistoric cultures, and triggered a millennium-long cold spell, scientists say.
     The long axes of the great majority of the Carolina Bays point toward locations near the Great Lakes and in Canada—a hint that the extraterrestrial object disintegrated over those locales, says Howard.
     Because scientists "haven't discovered a large, smoking hole" left by the event, the object that blew up in the atmosphere probably was a comet, says West.
     Heat from the event would have set off wildfires across the continent, the scientists suggest. The heat and shock from the explosion probably broke up portions of the ice sheet smothering eastern Canada at the time, they add. The flood of fresh water into the North Atlantic that resulted would have interrupted ocean currents that bring warmth to the region, and thick clouds of smoke and soot in the air would have intensified cooling across the Northern Hemisphere.
     The inferred date of the event matches the beginning of a 1,200-year-long cold spell that geologists call the Younger Dryas, which in its first few decades saw temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere drop as much as 10°C.
   • ICE AGE BLAST 'RAVAGED AMERICA'
     A controversial new idea suggests that a large space rock exploded over North America 13,000 years ago. The blast may have wiped out one of America's first Stone Age cultures as well as the continent's big mammals such as the mammoth and the mastodon.
     The blast, from a comet or asteroid, caused a major bout of climatic cooling which may also have affected human cultures emerging in Europe and Asia. All, they argue, point to the explosion 12,900 years ago of an extraterrestrial object up to 5km across.
     No crater remains, possibly because the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which blanketed thousands of sq km of North America during the last Ice Age, was thick enough to mask the impact.
     Another possibility is that it exploded in the air.
     Professor James Kennett, from the University of California in Santa Barbara (UCSB), said the explosion could be to blame for the extinction of several large North American mammals at the end of the last Ice Age.
   • DID A COMET HIT GREAT LAKES REGION, FRAGMENT HUMAN POPULATIONS, 12,900 YEARS AGO?
     The researchers propose that a known reversal in the world's ocean currents and associated rapid global cooling, which some scientists blame for the extinction of multiple species of animals and the end of the Clovis Period, was itself the result of a bigger event. While generally accepted theory says glacial melting from the North American interior caused the shift in currents, the new proposal points to a large extraterrestrial object exploding above or even into the Laurentide Ice Sheet north of the Great Lakes.
     "Highest concentrations of extraterrestrial impact materials occur in the Great Lakes area and spread out from there," Kennett said. "It would have had major effects on humans. Immediate effects would have been in the North and East, producing shockwaves, heat, flooding, wildfires, and a reduction and fragmentation of the human population."
     Kennett said that 35 animal genera went extinct at the end of the Pleistocene, with at least 15 clearly being wiped out close to 12,900 years ago. There would have been major ecological shifts, driving Clovis survivors into isolated groups in search of food and warmth. There is evidence, he said, that pockets of Clovis people survived in refugia, especially in the western United States.
   • S.C. SITE KEY IN CLIMATE-CHANGING ANCIENT COMET THEORY
     According to the theory, a comet broke apart in the atmosphere above what is now eastern North America, producing massive, multiple explosions as its pieces slammed into the surface with more force than all the world's nuclear weapons combined.
     The fallout from the explosions would have dusted the Earth with microscopic nanodiamonds, magnetic particles, iridium and black carbon. All of those substances have been found in a layer of soil, found continent-wide, dated to about 12,900 years ago.
     The explosions and resulting climate change could explain the sudden disappearance of large mammals, such as mammoths and mastodons, at that same time period. Also, it could explain the abrupt end in the archaeological records of the Clovis people, the first to populate North America.
   • THE YOUNGER DRYAS
     Note: 13.18 kyr BP aka YA (during the Bolling/Allerod)
   • SUPERNOVA STORM WIPED OUT MAMMOTHS?
     If their supernova theory gains acceptance, it could explain why dozens of species on the continent became extinct 13,000 years ago. Mammoths and mastodons, both relatives of today's elephants, mysteriously died out then, as did giant ground sloths, a large-horned bison, a huge species of armadillo, saber-toothed cats, and many other animals and plants.
     Supernovas are rare and usually very far away. Cyclical comet swarms caused by other triggers may not be, as we may find out this century.
   • FIRST FARMERS DISCOVERED
     The first farmers grew wheat and rye 13,000 years ago in Syria and were forced into cultivating crops by a terrible drought, according to UK archaeologists. What he found was evidence for a terrible drought: "It was very sharp and would certainly have been felt within a human lifetime, perhaps even in the space of 10 or so years." Geologist call this period the Younger Dryas, a 1000-year spell of cold and dry weather with interrupted the planet's gradual warming from the last ice age.
   • MEGA-EXTINCTION? BLAME THE WEATHER
     Guthrie proposes instead that changes in the world climate at the end of the Ice Age 13,000 years ago altered the frigid landscape of the far north into a steppe covered with grasses, where mammoths, horses, and other grazers flourished for 1000 years. Just as humans first appear in the archaeological fossil record 12,000 years ago, the climate began to shift, turning the steppe grasses into plants toxic to grazers. Horses went extinct about 1000 years before the mammoths, which disappeared well after humans appeared on the scene in the far north, Guthrie reports.
   • Quick Rise In Temperature (13,000 Years Ago Shonw On Graph) Sir Fred Hoyle: ICE The Ultimate Human Catastrophe: Op. Cit.; pp. 26, 27, 160. From G. R. Coope in A. E. Wright & F. Moseley (eds.) Ice Ages, Ancient & Modern; Seel House Press, 1971.
3. THE 10,600 BC STRIKE- Swarm A' - 12,600 YA
   • THE YOUNGER DRYAS
     Note: 12.64 kyr BP aka YA (during the Younger Dryas)
   • RESEARCH RAISES FEAR OF DRAMATIC TEMEPRATURE CHANGE DURING WARMIND TREND - 2 October 1998
     Ice core samples from Antarctica suggest that the warming trend that ended an ice age 12,500 years ago may have overtaken the Earth in only a few decades And White's team said the Antarctica ice cores show a temperature increase of about 20 degrees F within a few decades.
   • ICE CORE TIMELINE - 12,000 BP (before present) - Rapid Climate Change (9600 BC impact)
     As this graph shows, one such jump occurred about 12,000 years ago, as the last glacial period (the Pleistocene) was giving way to our current warm "interglacial" period (the Holocene). Suddenly, possibly in less than five years, average temperatures, which were slightly cooler than today's, plunged by about 27°F, returning the world to near-glacial conditions. The Younger Dryas, as this freak period is known, lasted about 1,300 years before it returned--just as abruptly--to the temperatures typical of the period immediately preceding it.
   • Radiocarbon geochronological data indicates the Pleistocene/Holocene (the last glacial/inter-glacial) boundary at 10,300 +/- 200 radiocarbon years ago (or about 12,125 years ago) near a brief mini-glacial period. See: The New Encylopaedia Britannica; Encylopaedia Britannica Inc.; Chicago, 15 th edition - 1993; Vol. 19 (Geochronology - Nature of the Holocene record), pp. 860 - 870.
4. THE 9,600 BC STRIKE- Swarm A - 11,600 YA
   • THE YOUNGER DRYAS
     Note: 11.81 kyr BP aka YA (during the Younger Dryas)
     11.4 kyr BP aka YA (early Preboreal)
   • COMET THAT LAUNCHED NOAH'S ARK Tollmann, a geology professor at the University of Vienna, compared the numerous great flood myths, recorded in almost every prehistoric civilization, with the geological evidence for a comet impact at about the same time. He used the two sources of information to date the flood to about 9,600 BC.
   • GIANT COMET LAUNCHED NOAH'S ARK
     Two discoveries are central to his claim. One is the distribution of the splinters of molten rock thrown up by the impacts, known as tektites. There was, he said, a huge concentration of them in sediments laid down about 10,000 BC. Variations in the amounts in different parts of the world suggested Earth was hit by seven large fragments and many smaller ones.
     Tollmann's findings are supported in principle by Clube. He has just published the results of 20 years research into comets and the way their paths through space intersect with the Earth's. He concludes that many of the big events in history were a result of collisions with comets or their debris.
   • THEORY SUPPORTING THE BIBLICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GREAT FLOOD
     According to Plato, the island of Atlantis and the distant Mediterranean civilizations were completely destroyed in a single day and night of violent earthquakes and floods. They disappeared into the depths of the sea. And according to Plato, the Great Flood occurred around 11,400 years ago.
     Analysis of staghorn coral (a coral that always grows in shallow water) provides evidence that the ocean level rose 400 feet since the end of the last Ice Age and the Ice Age came to an abrupt end 11,650 years ago. This occurred when global temperatures rose approximately 7^o C.
   • DOES THE EARTH CHANGE ITS SHAPE ?
     It is known that there was a diminish of the geomagnetic field at 12,400 BP, which is regarded as 10,400BC.
   • THE BIBLICAL FLOOD
     Alexander Tollmann, "a professor in the institute of geology at the University of Vienna, compared the numerous myths of a great flood, recorded in almost every prehistoric civilisation, with the geological evidence for a comet impact at about the same time. He used the two sources of information to date the flood very precisely, to around the year 9,600 BC.
   • HISTORY
     hat this entailed at one point a great flooding of all coastal regions on the, what you call, Atlantic areas and all those areas within that region called Mediterranean is true. For a great surge was felt under the sea creating waves unlike any ever seen. This surge also pushed forth much debris called ash. For two volcanoes then erupted creating much darkness. That this was followed by several days of rain is true, but that was not the cause of the flooding. For rather did the tidal surge supply the flood. Note that a tidal surge, not a tsunami, is claimed. This implies a rapid crustal shift.
   • GALACTIC ENCOUNTERS, APOLLO OBJECTS AND ATLANTIS:
     Ancient literature, impact results, possible location of Atlantis. The date given for the catastrophe, corresponding to circa 11.600 B.P. YA or 9,600 BC, fits well the commonly accepted starting time for the withdrawal of the global ices now estimated at 11,450 B.P.
   • SUDDEN CLIMATE TRANSITIONS DURING THE QUATERNARY
     The time span of the past few million years has been punctuated by many rapid climate transitions, most of them on time scales of centuries to decades or even less. The most detailed information is available for the Younger Dryas-to- Holocene stepwise change around 11,500 years ago, which seems to have occurred over a few decades. The speed of this change is probably representative of similar but less well-studied climate transitions during the last few hundred thousand years. These include sudden cold events (Heinrich events/stadials), warm events (Interstadials) and the beginning and ending of long warm phases, such as the Eemian interglacial. Detailed analysis of terrestrial and marine records of climate change will, however, be necessary before we can say confidently on what timescale these events occurred; they almost certainly did not take longer than a few centuries.
     Various mechanisms, involving changes in ocean circulation, changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases or haze particles, and changes in snow and ice cover, have been invoked to explain these sudden regional and global transitions. We do not know whether such changes could occur in the near future as a result of human effects on climate. Phenomena such as the Younger Dryas and Heinrich events might only occur in a 'glacial' world with much larger ice sheets and more extensive sea ice cover. However, a major sudden cold event did probably occur under global climate conditions similar to those of the present, during the Eemian interglacial, around 122,000 years ago. Less intensive, but significant rapid climate changes also occurred during the present (Holocene) interglacial, with cold and dry phases occurring on a 1500- year cycle, and with climate transitions on a decade-to-century timescale. In the past few centuries, smaller transitions (such as the ending of the Little Ice Age at about 1650 AD) probably occurred over only a few decades at most. All the evidence indicates that most long-term climate change occurs in sudden jumps rather than incremental changes.
     A comet impact generating massive amounts of atmospheric dust will change Earth's weather rapidly. Hoyle postulates that the oceans act as a buffer, limiting these changes to around a decade of so.
   • CORROBORATING EVIDENCE ON THE REALITY OF ATLANTIS
     Plato affirms that the demise of Atlantis took place "9,000 years before the times of Solon". Now, Solon visited Egypt at about 600 BC, which adds to a total of about 11,600 BP (Before Present). Now, this is precisely the date of the cataclysmic ending of the Pleistocene Ice Age, as given by the geologic record. So, we are led to conclude that Plato's date is correct, and that the Greek philosopher indeed knew what he was talking about.
   • CUBA VERSUS HISPANIOLA ?THE ATLANTIS DEBATE CONTINUES
     Although the view that Hispaniola was ancient Atlantis has been given a boost again recently by Professor Emilio Spedicato of Bergamo University, I argue that the island of Atlantis described in Plato's Timaeus and Critias is the neighbouring island of Cuba (see the TRUE LOCATION section of the website). Even Emilio, after reading GATEWAY TO ATLANTIS, has admitted that Cuba is `a very good candidate' for the title of Atlantis. He further adds that `only archaeological work will perhaps solve the riddle.'
     Yet just as Plato describes, it was drowned beneath the waves following `earthquakes and floods?of the sort proposed in connection with the Carolina Bays cometary impact of the ninth millennium BC (see GATEWAY TO ATLANTIS).
   • IRELAND IS LOST ISLAND OF ATLANTIS, SAYS SCIENTIST
   • LOST CITY OF ATLANTIS 'FOUND' OFF THE COAST OF CYPRUS
   • ATLANTIS EXPEDITION REVEALS STRUCTURES OFF CYPRUS
     The sonar scans of manmade structures one mile below water off the southeast coast of Cyprus were presented here Thursday by Robert Sarmast, head of the Cyprus/Atlantis Expedition project for the first time.
     Announcing the results of last year's expedition to find one of human kind's greatest mysteries, the legendary Atlantis, Sarmast presented three dimension underwater side-scan sonar pictures of structures 1.5 km below sea level, 80 km off the southeast coast of Cyprus in the Eastern Mediterranean.
     He said it was no coincidence that his team discovered a 3km long straight wall intersected at right angles by another wall, adding that this will silence any remaining skepticism about his longstanding claims that modern Cyprus is what remains of a much larger and now partly sunken mass which fits Plato's description of the ancient land of Atlantis.
   • PERHAPS A TSUNAMI SANK ATLANTIS
     THERE occurred violent earthquakes and floods...the island of Atlantis disappeared in the depths of the sea." That was how Greek philosopher Plato described the destruction of the legendary city. Now new evidence suggests that he was writing about a devastating tsunami.
     Plato describes destruction in a single day and night - not over a week, not over a century - pointing to one catastrophic event. He talks about violent earthquakes and flooding, implying there was ...
   • TSUNAMI CLUE TO 'ATLANTIS' FOUND
     A submerged island that could be the source of the Atlantis myth was hit by a large earthquake and tsunami 12,000 years ago, a geologist has discovered.
     Spartel Island now lies 60m under the sea in the Straits of Gibraltar, but some think it once lay above water.
   • ATLANTIS 'OBVIOUSLY NEAR GIBRALTAR' Jacques Collina-Girard, from the University of the Mediterranean in Aix-en- Provence, says it could have been sited on an island close to the Strait of Gibraltar, and would have vanished below the waves about 11,000 years ago - just as Plato said it did.
   • SEAFLOOR SURVEY BUOYS ATLANTIS CLAIM
     In a recent paper in Geology, Marc-Andre Gutscher of the European Institute for Marine Studies in Plouzan?gives details of one candidate for the lost city: the submerged island of Spartel, west of the Straits of Gibraltar.
     The top of this isle lies some 60 metres beneath the surface in the Gulf of Cadiz, having plunged beneath the waves at the end of the most recent ice age as melting glaciers caused the sea level to rise.
     Geological evidence has shown that a large earthquake and a tsunami hit this island some 12,000 years ago, at roughly the location and time indicated in Plato's writings.
     The conference in Greece came to no firm conclusions about the city's existence. But researchers managed to agree on 24 criteria that a geographical area must satisfy in order to qualify as a site where Atlantis could have existed. The place must have accommodated such oddities as hot springs, northerly winds, elephants, enough people for an army of 10,000 chariots, and a ritual of bull sacrifice.
     At present there are half a dozen candidates for Atlantis's location, each one with its own shortcomings. Some say that settling on a final answer may prove impossible.
   • SEA LEVEL STUDY REVEALS ATLANTIS CANDIDATE
     Curiously, nobody has really taken seriously the most obvious location," Collina-Girard adds. According to Plato, Atlantis lay just in front of the Pillars of Hercules - what we now call the Strait of Gibraltar - and disappeared around 9000 BC.
   • ATLANTIS 11,600 YA DATE. Considers different analyses for the location of Atlantis.
   • THE TRUE HISTORY OF ATLANTIS
   • MAYA-MU-OLD-CIVILIZATIONS
   • FORGET ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING, WE ARE ONE STEP AWAY FROM EXTINCTION
     The impact in Hudson Bay sent up 200,000 cubic miles of the glacier, throwing off the icy debris that followed the pieces of the comet out across the continent. A rain of incandescent debris and chunks of steaming ice showered down across most of North America, Europe and Asia. Within minutes, the massive, low-flying clumps crashed into the Carolinas and the eastern seaboard, exploding into fireballs and gouging out the Carolina Bays, over 500,000 of them. Other lumps exploded across the plains from Nebraska and Kansas to Arizona.
5. THE 8,300 BC STRIKE- Swarm B' - 10,300 YA
   • THE CASE FOR SOLAR FORCING OF CLIMATE
     High-resolution analyses of an early Holocene climate event may imply decreased solar forcing as an important climate trigger.
     The authors assembled a wide range of lacustrine, tree-ring, ice-core and marine records that reveal a Northern Hemispheric - and possibly global - cooling event of less than 200 years duration with a 50-year cooling-peak centered at approximately 10,300 years BP. Just a couple more nudges and we should arrive at the seemingly inevitable conclusion that earth's climate on sub-Milankovitch timescales is tightly coupled to variable solar activity. Like the ones caused by comet impacts?
6. THE 7,800 BC STRIKE- Swarm B - 9,800 YA
   • CHRISTOPHER KNIGHT AND ROBERT LOMAS
     URIEL'S MACHINE claims that the Book of Giants tells us that the Nephilim were witness to a cometary impact that involved the fragmentation of a comet nucleus which broke into seven pieces and careered into seven oceans of the world around 7545 BC.
   • A NEW VIEW OF NOAH'S FLOOD
     Using evidence from the archaeological record, they date the Ice Age comet impact at 7640 B.C. About that time, 10,000 species became extinct. Another high-energy series of comets seems to have impacted the planet in about 3150 B.C., and they speculate this caused Enoch's/Noah's flood.
   • SELECTED GEOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES IN AUSTRIA AND IN THE ALPS
     TOLLMANN gives an interesting but controversial explanation for a series of landslides around Imst in the Tyrol. So an extraterrestial body has possibly caused the landslide. The impact might have shaken the surrounding mountains, triggering other landslides that would have once happened anyway. TOLLMANN dates the comet as 7550 B.C. and, referring to rich but controversial evidence, he claims that it was one small of seven large and some small fragments of a comet. The large ones struck the sea Some scientists (e.g. PREISINGER) argue, that the evidence TOLLMANN refers to is not secure, in particular the dendrochronological, ice-core and radio-isotope data.
   • MEETING HISTORY
     To me the most interesting piece of information in 'Uriel's Machine' is an explanation of the flood that comes out of modern science rather than historical myth. It explains the persistence of race memory myths from all around the world and the dramatic decrease in biological and genetic diversity that occurred about 10,000 years ago. Contains Tollmann's picture.
   • SOLVING THE MYSTERY OF THE BIBLICAL FLOOD
     The Tollmans research provided them with seven likely areas for seven ocean impacts. More evidence comes from the study of dendrochronology. They discovered a blip in the radio-carbon calibration curve relative to the Tunguska explosion in 1908, so looked for one to fit in with their own findings, and they again found an anomoly, a pronounced peak around 9500BP,or around 7000-8000 BC. Further evidence came from ice cores, taken and tested in 1980, which show a huge peak of nitric acid around 7640 BC. Nitric acid forms as the comet, or asteroid, burns through the atmosphere, burning the nitrogen in the air, thus falling as rain. This may also be linked to biblical descriptions of the flood in which the descriptions of 'bloody rainfall' are used.
   • DIE TOLLMANN-SINTFLUT
     Die Marke des ... rund neuneinhalb Jahrtausende zurückliegenden Sintflut- Impaktes ergibt sich mit höchster Wahrscheinlichkeit in dem Horizont von 7640 +/- 170 Jahre v. Chr., der ALLE ÜBRIGEN SÄUREHORIZONTE DER GESAMTEN SERIE AN INTENSITÄT WEIT ÜBERTRIFFT."[ 9 ]
   • "VOLCANIC ACTIVITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE" or
     "VOLCANIC ACTIVITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE"
     Camp Century. Location Date BC. Cluster
     
     • Unknown ? 7090?60 79 50
     • Unknown ? 7240?60 124 80
     • Unknown ? 7500?60 51 35
     • Unknown ? 7640?70 412 260:
     Note: Two means 7570 +/- 70 BC and 7165 +/75 BC and
     • Unknown ? 7710?70 69 45 B:
     • Unknown ? 7810?70 73 45 B:
     • Unknown ? 7910?70 95 60 B:
     Note: Mean 7810 +/- 100 BC
     This is as if members of the B swarm striking 7810 BC were caught in a few hundred year orbit, striking again ~215 and ~645 years later with the worst being around 7640 BC.
   • COMETS, DRAGONS & PROPHETS OF DOOM
     If a giant comet swarm were thrown into a short-period, Earth-crossing orbit, its disintegration under the effect of sunlight would release a copious amount of dust into the inner planetary system. Ploughing through such dust, the Earth would acquire a reflective blanket and cool by up to about 5 degrees, possibly sliding into a new ice age. Even after this phase, brief, sharp climatic coolings would be expected during epochs when the Earth passed annually through the comet's meteor stream. Precession of the cometary orbit, analogous to the slow wobble of a spinning top, is guaranteed to lead to epochs when the orbits of Earth and comet intersect. Passing through the 'IRAS trail', annual meteor storms of huge intensity would then be expected, with a correspondingly enhanced risk of a Tunguska-like impact, perhaps concentrated into brief but devastating swarms.
     Something like this likely happened about 9910 years ago forming Tollman's series of impacts.
     Numerous prophecies of doom, from Zoroaster to the Book of Revelation, clearly show celestial impact motifs: the Persian prophet Zoroaster (c. 500 BC) predicts a world-end in which "Ahriman (Satan) will make a comet strike the Earth causing a huge conflagration"; the Book of Revelation describes a huge burning mountain falling from the sky, dropping hail and fire on the Earth, while the Sun and Moon are darkened by smoke pouring from the abyss; Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed by a rain of fire from Heaven, and so on. Cometary as well as meteor motifs are also found in these myths (for example, Revelation has a huge, red, multiple-headed dragon in the sky) and were recognized as such by ancient writers.
     The concept that an asteroid killed the dinosaurs has seeped into popular culture over the past 15 years or so. Recently, the question: "Could it happen to us?," has also become a matter of increasing public interest.
7. THE 6,800 BC STRIKE- Swarm A' - 8,800 YA
   • NONE
8. THE 6,200 BC STRIKE- Swarm A - 8,200 YA
   • NOW THE PENTAGON TELLS BUSH: CLIMATE CHANGE WILL DESTROY US
     ?Secret report warns of rioting and nuclear war
     ?Britain will be 'Siberian' in less than 20 years
     ?Threat to the world is greater than terrorism
     Already, according to Randall and Schwartz, the planet is carrying a higher population than it can sustain. By 2020 'catastrophic' shortages of water and energy supply will become increasingly harder to overcome, plunging the planet into war. They warn that 8,200 years ago climatic conditions brought widespread crop failure, famine, disease and mass migration of populations that could soon be repeated.
   • (1) ENVIRONMENTAL CATASTOPHES AND RECOVERY IN THE HOLOCENE
     The 8200 year BP event
     SEE COMING EVENT
   • MORE RECENT EVIDENCE FROM LEGENDS AND MYTHS
     Deluge Comet Impact Event 8,200 ?200 years ago (2) NEW EVIDENCE FOR GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER AT ~ 8200 BP - 6 Feburary 1998
     About 8,200 years ago, the world climate suddenly got colder and stayed that way for a few hundred years before temperatures returned to normal, according to a team of paleoclimatologists. "This event, which we are calling the 8K event, was short compared to other, more distant events, " says Anna Maria Agustsdottir, graduate student in geosciences, Penn State. "We see it in the Greenland ice cores as one of the biggest dips during the Holocene."
   • ANCIENT FLODO BROUGHT GULF STREAM TO A HALT Just over 8000 years ago, a huge glacial lake in Canada burst, and an estimated 100,000 cubic kilometres of fresh water rushed into the North Atlantic. Researchers now say they know for sure that this catastrophic event shut down the Gulf Stream and cooled parts of the northern hemisphere by several degrees for more than a hundred years.
     Lake Agassiz was a giant lake that formed at the end of the last ice age as the huge Laurentide ice sheet melted (see a simulation of the process). The lake occupied most of the modern-day Canadian Midwest between the Hudson Bay and the US border.
   • "VOLCANIC ACTIVITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE"
     Camp Century. Location Date BC. Cluster
     
     • Unknown ? 6060?40 119 7 A: Cl - 1
     • Unknown ? 6230?40 102 65 A: Cl - 2
     Note: Mean 6145 +/- 85 BC
   • NOAH'S ARK FLOOD SPURRED EUROPEAN FARMING
     An ancient flood some say could be the origin of the story of Noah's Ark may have helped the spread of agriculture in Europe 8,300 years ago by scattering the continent's earliest farmers, researchers said on Sunday.
     Using radiocarbon dating and archaeological evidence, a British team showed the collapse of the North American ice sheet, which raised global sea levels by as much as 1.4 meters, displaced tens of thousands of people in southeastern Europe who carried farming skills to their new homes.
     "The flooding of the Black Sea was not well dated but we got it down to about 50 years," said Chris Turney, a geologist at the University of Exeter, who led the study. "As soon as the flooding is done, farming goes crazy across Europe."
     Noah's flood occured about 5200 years ago. This was another flood.
9. THE 5,600 BC STRIKE- Swarm C - 7,600 YA
   • (8) MORE ON THE 4000 BP EVENT
     Climate became dry stepwise with an abrupt transition from one stage to another during the entire Holocene and became driest since about 4,200 BP. Maximum dry climate spells occurred at about 12,000-10,000 BP and after about 4,200 BP. A dry climate event also existed at about 7,600 BP. Notice the 3,400-year gap between the 4,200 and 7,600 BP. Are there two comet clusters separated by 700 - 800 years in the A swarm?
   • THE CATASTROPHIC DELUGE WHICH ENTERED THE BLACK SEA, CIRCA 7,500 YEARS AGO
     Two senior scientists from Columbia University have proposed a theory that a massive transfer of water occurred about 5600 BCE - over seven and a half millennia ago. They wrote: "Ten cubic miles of water poured through each day, two hundred times what flows over Niagara Falls." "The Bosporus flume roared and surged at full spate for at least three hundred days." 60,000 square miles of land were inundated. 1 The Black Sea shoreline significantly expanded to the north and east. The lake's its water level was raised many hundreds of feet. It changed from a fresh-water landlocked lake into a salt water lake connected to the world's oceans.
     Circa 5650 to 5500 BCE: Warmth and rain returned once more. The New Euxine lake was still landlocked and fresh. But the Mediterranean Sea and Sea of Marmara had gradually risen to a level some 426 feet (130 meters) higher than the lake. It was held back only by a small rise of land at the Bosporus River -- now the Bosporus Straight near present-day Istanbul, Turkey.
10. THE 5,000 BC STRIKE- Swarm B' - 7,000 YA
    • THE MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF TSUNAMI ALONG THE SOUTH COAST OF NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA
      The first event probably occurred concomitantly with the rise of Holocene sea- level near modern levels around 7000 BP. The latest event occurred around 800 years BP although there is sufficient evidence to suggest that one event may have occurred just before European settlement. The recurrence interval of tsunami is now approaching one event every 600 years.
    • BIBLE 'CLUE' FOUND
      Scientists have uncovered ancient ruins under the Black Sea indicating that people lived in the area before a cataclysmic flood. Some scientists have linked the 7,000-year-old event, thought to have been caused by waters bursting through from the Mediterranean Sea, to the Biblical story of Noah.
    • HOW 7,000-YEAR-OLD TEMPLES REVEAL THE ELABORATE CULTURE OF EUROPE
    • FOUND: EUROPE'S OLDEST CIVILISATION
      More than 150 gigantic monuments have been located beneath the fields and cities of modern-day Germany, Austria and Slovakia. They were built 7,000 years ago, between 4800BC and 4600BC.
11. THE 4,500 BC STRIKE- Swarm B - 6,500 YA
    • NONE
12. THE 3,500 BC STRIKE- Swarm A' - 5,500 YA
    • EVOLUTION - 1:2 "However, in 1971 it was studied through radiographs and discovered to be a complicated instrument having 30 gears, a planetarium that could determine the motions of the sun and the moon and determine their location in the past and where they would be in relation to the Earth in the future. Such complex instruments with differential gears did not appear in the West until 1575. Yet Ovid credited such an invention to Archimedes, the inventor and discoverer of the principle of gravity, in 300 B.C.
      The author of the article in 'Omni' observed: "The oldest societies with a written record - Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley - seem to have emerged without any cultural antecedents, between 3400 and 3100 B.C. Seemingly out of nowhere there suddenly appeared a uniform code of laws, the wheel, knowledge of astronomy and agriculture Is it mere coincidence that three centers of enlightenment should emerge simultaneously at widely separated locations?"
      We need to study all these ruins with a High Tech equipment for proof and understanding, to see if they were before, or after the Flood, . . . The World Before The Flood, they had all types of groupings as we have today, from High Tech to Primitive and this leaves the findings we are discovering today in our new Top Strata, which need to be qualified as: Before Flood (BF), and After Flood (AF).
    • BEFORE THE STONES: STONEHENGE I AS A COMETARY CATASTROPHE PREDICTOR? By Duncan Steel
      It is suggested here that one such pair occurred in 3600-3500 and 3200-3100 BC, provoking the construction of the Great Cursus and Stonehenge I.
    • A 5,500-YEAR-OLD MYSTERY EMERGES
      In the shadow of a much more recent war, a five-year excavation on the Syrian- Iraqi border has uncovered an ancient settlement of unexpected sophistication that was suddenly wiped out by invaders 5,500 years ago.
13. THE 3,000 BC STRIKE (Noah's Great Flood)- Swarm A - 5,000 YA
    • DID A COMET CAUSE THE GREAT FLOOD?
      Masse's epiphany came while poring over Hawaiian oral histories regarding the goddess Pele and wondering what they might reveal about the lava flows that episodically destroy human settlements and create new tracts of land. He reasoned that even though the stories are often clouded by exaggerations and mystical explanations, many may refer to actual incidents. He tested his hypothesis by cross-checking carbon-14 ages for the lava flows against dates included in royal Hawaiian genealogies. The result: Several flows matched up with the specific reigns associated with them in the oral histories. Other myths, Masse theorizes, hold similar clues.
      Masse's biggest idea is that some 5,000 years ago, a 3-mile-wide ball of rock and ice swung around the sun and smashed into the ocean off the coast of Madagascar. The ensuing cataclysm sent a series of 600-foot-high tsunamis crashing against the world's coastlines and injected plumes of superheated water vapor and aerosol particulates into the atmosphere. Within hours, the infusion of heat and moisture blasted its way into jet streams and spawned super- hurricanes that pummeled the other side of the planet. For about a week, material ejected into the atmosphere plunged the world into darkness. All told, up to 80 percent of the world's population may have perished, making it the single most lethal event in history.
      Kepler, Galileo, Newton (and especially his assistant Whiston) and Halley formalized the mathematics of celestial bodies and even realized the possible influence of comet strikes in causing Noah's flood. The problem is that Burckle crater has not been dated, but Dr. Abbott estimates that it is 4,500 to 5,000 years old. Noah's Great Flood is fairly firmly dated to 3195 BC based on tree ring data.
    • - Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
      To give one final example, the next Irish oak "narrowest ring" event back in time before 2345 BC was at 3195 BC, where more than third of all available trees showed their narrowest rings in the range 3197-3190 - obviously a very bad set of conditions for Irish oaks by any standard. Figure 5 shows the Irish chronology together with evidence for a building pause in a Swiss lake-side settlement. Tercier et al. (1996) reported a change in village orientation at Montilier "Platzbunden" in the years just before a building pause from 3202-3187 BC. What is interesting here is that archaeological opinion suggests that a change of orientation is most likely associated with a change in prevailing wind direction. That in turn suggests a possible change in atmospheric circulation which in turn could be associated with something happening with ocean circulation. Interestingly hints of changes in sea level had already been deduced from the strange coincidence of oak chronologies starting just around 3200 BC in the low-lying areas of both eastern and western England (Baillie 1995). That suggestion is reflected in the observation of high sulphate in the Greenland GISP2 ice core between 3200-3100 BC, which Zielinski et al. (1994) interpreted as probably due to deposition of biogenic sulphate from open water in the permanent sea ice off the Greenland coast. Once again we see that the accumulation of evidence from different proxies spells out potentially important environmental stories of direct relevance to archaeologists, not least in this case because of a transition in the archaeological record in the British Isles around 3200 BC. - Mike Baillie; Dendrochronologia 2003
      I wouldn't rule out 3195 being an impact of some kind. Private comunication with Dr. Mike Baillie 25 Feb. 2003
    • (8) ICE CORES MAY YIELD CLUES TO 5,000-YEAR-OLD MYSTERY or ICE CORES MAY YIELD CLUES TO 5,000-YEAR-OLD MYSTERY
      - Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
      Something happened 5,200 years ago that was abrupt and very large-scale. Thompson and his research team are in a race against time to retrieve cores from these ice caps in order to preserve the thousands of years of climatic history trapped inside. And at the top of their agenda is solving the puzzle of what occurred 5,200 years ago. We know the climate was different then. Before that, the proportion of warm water flowing off the coast of Peru was much greater, he said, a key factor in fueling the El Nino/La Nina climate events affecting this part of the globe. We know that the Ice Man, a preserved Neolithic hunter exposed by a retreating glacier in the European Alps, was trapped by the ice around 5,200 years ago, he said, and that had to occur very abruptly. Earlier work by the Ohio State team on ice cores taken from Tanzanias Mount Kilimanjaro ice fields showed that a catastrophic drought had devastated the tropics around 5,200 years ago, a period of time when anthropologists believe THAT many people abandoned a nomadic lifestyle to form cities and social structures.
    • A RECORD OF PLANETARY CATASTROPHE
      A recent study published in the current issue of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Science found evidence of an abrupt climate shift on Earth about 5,000 years ago -- the most dramatic evidence being the discovery of unfossilized wetland plants around the margin of the Quelccaya ice cap.
    • (13) MORE EVIDENCE FOR ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGE IN 3114 BCE or MAYAN DATES FOR THE COMET ENCOUNTER
      - Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
      
      • 16 June, 3122 BCE - The First Maize Revealer Partitioner is born
      • 7 December, 3121 BCE - Birth of Lady White (?)
      • 13 August, 3114 BCE - Image made visible at Closed Sky, the First Three Stone Place; Event for The First Maize Revealed Partitioner
      • 5 February, 3112 BCE - The First Maize Revealed Partitioner enters the sky,
    • ESSAY: THE BOOK OF THE CELESTIAL COW- Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
      "The Book of the Celestial Cow", apparently a record of the cometary encounter and impact ca. 3114 BCE. 5114 YA)
    • HISTORY
      hat this entailed at one point a great flooding of all coastal regions on the, what you call, Atlantic areas and all those areas within that region called Mediterranean is true. For a great surge was felt under the sea creating waves unlike any ever seen. This surge also pushed forth much debris called ash. For two volcanoes then erupted creating much darkness. That this was followed by several days of rain is true, but that was not the cause of the flooding. For rather did the tidal surge supply the flood. Note that a tidal surge, not a tsunami, is claimed. This implies a rapid crustal shift.
    • DOES THE EARTH CHANGE ITS SHAPE ?- Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
      Richard L. Meehan of Stanford university is doing intensive researches on the phenomena that happened around 3200 BC. Some of them from his report are shown below.
      • Sulfate concentration in Greenland ice core shows a huge spike at 3200 BC.
      • Atmospheric methane in Greenland ice core shows the lowest value at 3200 BC followed by abrupt increase.
      • Dead Sea levels peak, which is 300 feet higher than today, in 3200 BC.
      • Oxygen isotope in Greenland ice core shows big freeze-up in 3000 BC.
      • Belfast oak tree ring chronology peaks about 3150 BC, suggesting major climate event.
      • Heavy flooding in Navajo country, the American Southwest, based on paleoflooding studies. The peak at 5K yrs BP.
      • More evidences ranging from climate changes to historical events and myths.
      There is a sharp drop of the geomagnetic strength during 3500 - 3000 BC. While there is a peak at around 500 AD, since then it has been decreasing. It is reported that the decease rate is 5% in 100 years, while some reports say that the latest value is 6%.
    • CLIMATE, CULTURE, AND CATASTROPHE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD Links to geological and paleoclimatalogical data bearing on the remarkable events of 3000 BC, when urban/technological society began are offered. Most of the data comes from referenced scientific literature. A graph of scientific events around the Biblical Flood Period (3200 - 2800 BC) is also offered. A Stanford University project.
    • WHAT CAUSED NOAH'S FLOOD? How Long Ago Did the Flood Occur? Most theologians accept a period between 6,000 to around 5,000 years ago.
    • AN IMPACT EVENT IN 3114BC? The Beginning of a Turbulent Millennium. - Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
      
    • A UNIVERSAL FLOOD: 3000 BC
    • CHRISTOPHER KNIGHT AND ROBERT LOMAS- Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
      In their opinion, ancients witnessed a worldwide cometary impact in c. 7545 BC (later stated maybe to be 9800 - -9700 BC) and a later similar catastrophe, centered on the Mediterranean, c. 3100 BC (after the work of Clube and Napier, Duncan Steele, etc.).
    • CULTURE RAINED OFF - 26 June 2001
      El Niño events may have altered the course of prehistoric civilization. Around 3,000 years ago rainfall seems to have put paid to the Peruvian progress it kicked off 3,000 years earlier, US researchers now report.1
    • ADDING UP THE RISKS OF COSMIC IMPACT - Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
      Masse went on to say that at least some of the tales of a Great Flood, found in hundreds of cultures around the world, may relate to an oceanic impact that set off a tsunami.
      “The preliminary picture emerging from this analysis is that on or shortly after May 10 in 2807 B.C., the earth was struck by a cosmic impact in the deep waters between Africa and Antarctica. ... These data indicate that the flood itself was the very real product of a combination of large tsunami and atmospheric rainout.?I>Final report not located.
    • CATASTROPHES: THE DILUVIAL EVIDENCE - Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike Conclusion:
      "Whilst there is no geological evidence at any time for a worldwide flood on the scale described in Genesis, there are abundant indications of widespread floods and other catastrophes during the period humans have been living on the Earth, in particular during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition around 11,500 years ago, and near the beginning of the Late Holocene, around 2300 B.C.. There are a large number of unanswered questions about events at both of these times. Hopefully we shall not have to wait until the golden jubilee of the SIS in 2024 before we get satisfactory answers to them."
      Note: When the British archaeologist, Sir Leonard Woolley, excavated the ancient Sumerian city of Ur, in what is now southern Iraq, between 1928 and 1934, he found a 3 metre thick layer of alluvial silt on top of the levels of the Ubaid Period (conventionally dated to around 4000 B.C.) and beneath the first traces of the succeeding Uruk Period. To some, including Woolley himself, this seemed like evidence for the flood of Noah. However, no other sites were found to show similar alluvial deposits during the Ubaid Period. On the other hand, at the nearby city of Shuruppak (the modern Fara), there was evidence of a flood during the Early Dynastic Period, around 2750 B.C., and an alluvial deposit dating from around the same time was found at another Sumerian site, the city of Kish.
    • ANCIENT CRASH, EPIC WAVE - Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
      On close inspection, the chevron deposits contain deep ocean microfossils that are fused with a medley of metals typically formed by cosmic impacts. And all of them point in the same direction ?toward the middle of the Indian Ocean where a newly discovered crater, 18 miles in diameter, lies 12,500 feet below the surface.
      The explanation is obvious to some scientists. A large asteroid or comet, the kind that could kill a quarter of the world's population, smashed into the Indian Ocean 4,800 years ago, producing a tsunami at least 600 feet high, about 13 times as big as the one that inundated Indonesia nearly two years ago. The wave carried the huge deposits of sediment to land.
      Most astronomers doubt that any large comets or asteroids have crashed into the Earth in the last 10,000 years. But the self-described "band of misfits" that make up the two-year-old Holocene Impact Working Group say that astronomers simply have not known how or where to look for evidence of such impacts along the world's shorelines and in the deep ocean.
14. THE 2,350 BC STRIKE- Swarm C - 4,350 YA
    • CLAY TABLET IDENTIFIED AS ASTEROID THAT DESTROYED SODOM AND GOMORRAH
      A clay tablet that has baffled scientists for 150 years has been identified as a witness¡¦s account of the asteroid suspected of being behind the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.
      Researchers who cracked the cuneiform symbols on the Planisphere tablet believe that it recorded an asteroid thought to have been more than half a mile across.
      Using computers to recreate the night sky thousands of years ago, scientists have pinpointed his sighting to shortly before dawn on June 29 in the year 3123BC.
      The researchers say that the asteroid¡¦s impact would explain why at Kofels there is evidence of an ancient landslide 5km wide and 500m thick.
      COMMENT
      It's true the surface of the ground is littered with fragments of brimstone in the area speculated to be Sodom & Gomorrah, it's also true no one knows the date Sumerians or Pre-Sumerians began recording in cuneiform on clay tablets, but an Assyrian could read the Akkadian transcriptions of Sumerian at that date.
    • COMET DESTROYED SODOM AND GOMORRAH - INDEPENDENT ON SUNDAY, 30 March 1997
    • COMETS THROUGH TIME 2350 BC audio
    • METEOR CLUE TO END OF MIDDLE EAST CIVILISATIONS
      Satellite images of southern Iraq have revealed a two-mile-wide impact crater caused by a meteor. The catastrophic effect of these could explain the mystery of why so many early cultures went into sudden decline around 2300 BC. They include the demise of the Akkad culture of central Iraq, with its mysterious semi-mythological emperor Sargon; the end of the fifth dynasty of Egypt's Old Kingdom, following the building of the Great Pyramids and the sudden disappearance of hundreds of early settlements in the Holy Land.
    • COMET-CAUSED COLLAPSE OF THIRD MILLENNIUM BC CIVILIZATIONS?
      Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike Coincident with the previous appearance of Comet Hale-Bopp in 2213 BC, something singularly dreadful seems to have happened on our small fragile blue planet. Not only does it appear that both the ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations totally collapsed for a century or more, there is evidence of a sudden catastrophic-but-temporary climate change at this time. Is there a "bad weather" connection? Should we be concerned with the connection if there is one? Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
      Sodom and Gomorrah may have been destroyed by debris from a comet, startling new archaeological and astronomical research suggests. Another bombardment from space may have brought on the Dark Ages.
      The research, to be presented to a special conference at Cambridge University this summer, provides dramatic evidence for an extraterrestrial cause for the wholesale collapse of several civilisations around 2200 BC. [Experts believe that the Biblical account of the destruction of the 'Cities of the Plain' may be an early description of what happened.]
    • PALEOENVIRONMENTAL DATA FOR ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGE:
      Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
      My hypothesis is that there were two events, the first one around 2350 BC (2345 BC?), and the second one around 2200 BC (2193-2194 BC?), of similar cause, but possibly independent of each other.
    • NATURAL CATASTROPHES DURING BRONZE AGE CIVILIZATIONS - 1997
      Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
      The evidence of a great cataclysm between 2200 BC and 2190 BC is so compelling that on this basis we can't dismiss it. On the other hand, Courty is right in her theory of a major occurrence which I would date between 2350 BC and 2340 BC.
      I suggest that there really were two disparate events, a local one in Near East 2200-2190 BC and 150 years later, 2200-2190 BC, (likely means 2350 - 2340 BC) a global one.
    • EVIDENCE FOR MAJOR IMPACT EVENTS IN THE LATE THIRD MILLENNIUM BC
      Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
      Mesopotamia and other above-mentioned places were not the only victims of the 2200 BC event. As far away as in China, the Hongsan culture fell in pieces at this same time. This, if not anything else, is an indication of the mighty character of the event, and bolsters us to consider it as global.
    • SODOM AND GOMORRAH
      Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
      It seems that there was a great catastrophe around 2200 BC that has destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah. The Earth was hit in 2194 or 2193 BC by a comet which had spread into many parts, as did Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 which hit Jupiter in 1994 AD. The Dead Sea lies at latitude 31 degrees N, and the badly devastated Mohenjo-Daro on the shores of Indus had a latitude of 28 degrees N. China's Yangtze area has a latitude of around 30 degrees. N. (Impact latitude is stable, longitude varies, such as it did for Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9.) This latitude is also the latitude between Canary Islands and Madeira.
      Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
      The incidence of 2345-2344 BC may have been an Anatolian event, destroying most badly the area from Troy (IIg) to Tell Leilan. The incidence of 2194-2193 BC surely had a global frame. Mahabharata may describe what happened at Mohenjo- dara, Indus. Edda may describe what happened in the Atlantic Ocean.
    • FROM JEWISH CHRONICLE - 6 March 1998
      According to Israeli born social anthropologist Benny Peiser, of Liverpool John Moores University, such biblical catastrophes as the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah or the flood may well record the havoc wrought by heavenly bodies. The Talmud records the tradition that God caused the flood by taking two stars and casting them to earth, says Dr Peiser. "Before, we did not know of any phenomenon that could trigger such a massive flood disaster," he adds. "Now, recent research on ocean impacts shows that a large body hitting one of the world's oceans could trigger the kind of massive tsunamis capable of wiping out coastal cities."
    • CLUES TO BRONZE AGE COMET STRIKE - 25/05/1998
      Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
      Evidence is growing that a huge comet smashed into the Earth about 4,000 years ago. Scientists are pointing to studies of tree-rings in Ireland which have revealed that about 2,354-2,345 BC there was an abrupt change to a colder climate.
    • METEOR SHOWERS BLOTTED OUT MAN'S FIRST CIVILISATIONS - 15 December 1997
      Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
      A CATACLYSMIC shower of giant meteors destroyed the great Bronze Age civilisations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece by provoking a series of natural disasters.
      New archeological and astronomical evidence indicates that a huge number of extraterrestrial bodies caused famine, flooding and bushfires thousands of miles wide that led to the collapse of the world's first sophisticated civilisations.
      The findings could solve the puzzle of why successful empires from across the globe all apparently collapsed at roughly the same time in about 2350BC, despite the fact that they were independent of each other and all flourishing until their sudden demise.
    • ADDING UP THE RISKS OF COSMIC IMPACT
      Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
      Bruce Masse, an environmental archaeologist with Los Alamos National Laboratory, has tried to untangle other astronomical observations from ancient tales told from the Middle East to Hawaii. He referred to an impact event in the Rio Cuarto region of northern Argentina, in which an asteroid 100 to 300 yards (or meters) in diameter apparently broke up as it zoomed through the atmosphere, leaving a trail of craters.
      This event, which has been dated to around 2000 B.C., may square with tales told of a catastrophic “Great Fire?by cultures in a large region around the impact site, Masse said.
    • (2) THIRD MILLENNIUM BC CLIMATE CHANGE & OLD WORLD COLLAPSE
      From: JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE 25,2 (1998), pp. 185-86
      Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
      The present volume could be viewed as an exposition on exactly these concepts. However, it is also important to know that new evidence, deduced since the volume was produced, has actually made these points even more emphatically. It is known that an abrupt downturn in Irish oaks at 2354-2345 BC (Baillie 1995) falls close to the Icelandic Hekla 4 tephra horizon dated to 2310+/-20 CalBC by the wiggle-matching of high precision radiocarbon dates (Hall et al. 1994). Courty (1997) has now revised the dating of the original c.2200 BC abrupt environmental event seen at Tell Leilan, in Syria, to c.2350 BC! Thus this volume of papers has now to be seen against the existence of what may well be a very dramatic and widespread environmental downturn - a classic point event - the nature of which is hinted at by the report of both tephra and glass spherules at and around the destruction layer at Tell Leilan.
    • CLUES TO BRONZE AGE COMET STRIKE -May 1998
      Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
      Evidence is growing that a huge comet smashed into the Earth about 4,000 years ago. Scientists are pointing to studies of tree-rings in Ireland which have revealed that about 2,354-2,345 BC there was an abrupt change to a colder climate.
    • THIRD MILLENNIUM BC CLIMATE CHANGE AND OLD WORLD COLLAPSE - June 1998
      Dalfes, G Kukla, H Weiss. Springer/NATO ISBN 3-540-61892-9 hb - Book Review
    • CLUES TO BRONZE AGE COMET STRIKE - 5 November 2001
      Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
      Evidence is growing that a huge comet smashed into the Earth about 4,000 years ago. Scientists are pointing to studies of tree-rings in Ireland which have revealed that about 2,354-2,345 BC there was an abrupt change to a colder climate. They have also highlighted discoveries by archaeologists in northern Syria of a catastrophic environmental event at about the same time. This is also about the time that Bronze Age civilizations collapsed.
    • CULTURE RAINED OFF 26 June 2001
      Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
      Climate-related rise and fall of civilizations has been seen elsewhere. In 1993, Harvey Weiss, of Yale University, and his colleagues claimed that abrupt climate change about 4,200 years ago caused a prolonged drought in the Middle East, affecting civilizations from the Aegean Sea to the Indus River and leading to the collapse of the Akkadian Empire in the Euphrates valley.
    • CUNEIFORM DOCUMENT LIBRARY HITS WEB The Associated Press, Fri 17 May 2002
      ``We are hoping to bring the richness of Mesopotamian culture to anyone who works on anything. We have agriculture texts, magic texts and medical, legal and religious texts. This is a treasure trove that has not been exploited,'' Tinney said.
    • POSSIBLE CRATER DISCOVERY IN IRAQ - 16 November 2001
      Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
      Master regards the structure as a possible meteorite impact crater, in a paper presented in September at the Meteoritical Society meeting at the Vatican City. Master, in an abstract in Meteoritics and Planetary Science, also speculated on a possible link between this structure, if it turns out to be in impact crater, and the account of the Flood in the Epic of Gilgamesh, which dates from the end of the 3rd millennium BC. Now other scientists, including archaeologists and astronomers, have seized on this discovery to explain the puzzling demise of a number of Bronze Age sites in the Ancient Near East around 2,300 BC.
    • (1) NEW EVIDENCE FOR 4000 BP NATURAL DISASTER & CIVILISATION COLLAPSE - 24 May 2000
      Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
      Archeological evidence has shown that this highly developed civilization collapsed abruptly near 4170 +/- 150 calendar yr B.P., perhaps related to a shift to more arid conditions. Geochemical correlation of volcanic ash shards between the archeological site and marine sediment record establishes a direct temporal link between Mesopotamian aridification and social collapse, implicating a sudden shift to more arid conditions as a key factor contributing to the collapse of the Akkadian empire.
    • COMET CATASTROPHE
      Corroboration comes from Mesopotamia. Something brought down the Akkadian civilization. Around 2200 BC - give or take at least a decade in the approximate dating and close enough to the comet's last appearance to raise questions - civilization collapsed.
15. THE 1,600 BC STRIKE- Swarm B' - 3,600 YA
    • MINOAN CULTURE SURVIVED ANCIENT VOLCANO, EVIDENCE SHOWS
      A LONGSTANDING theory of archeology, linking a devastating volcanic eruption to the sudden collapse of the Minoan civilization at its peak of splendor, has apparently been demolished by new excavations on a tiny island off the north coast of Crete.
      They uncovered architectural and ceramic remains indicating instead that the civilization continued to flourish for some 150 years after the eruption in about 1600 B.C.
      Radio carbon dating of seeds and wood found in the volcanic ash at Santorini led scientists from the University of Pennsylvania to push back the time of the eruption to no later than 1600 B.C. Ash preserved in ice cores from Greenland seems to confirm the new date, Danish and French scientists said last year.
      Dr. Marinatos himself was forced to revise his thesis by explaining that there were probably several different earthquakes and eruptions, culminating in the decisive disaster between 1470 and 1450 B.C.
    • (7) A FEW COMMENTS ON McBEATH'S VIEWS ON THE HISTORICITY OF THE JOSHUA IMPACT EVENT - 12 February 2002
      Swarm B': Cl - 2 Strike
      Sure enough, after the ca 1586 BCE Joshuaevent these now defenseless people are conquered by Achaeans ca 1580 BCE. . . . The only question that remains is whether this event ca 1586 BCE involved "stones" or "hailstones". This date is amazingly close to "channeled" data. See: CS - early/94: This comet cluster passed through the solar system 3582 years ago.
    • (6) BRONZE AGE CITIES MAY HAVE BEEN DESTROYED BY COMET
      Swarm B': Cl - 1 Strike
      A SERIES of natural disasters which befell Bronze Age civilisations in many parts of the world may have been the result of comets or meteorites smashing into the Earth. The most exciting new evidence comes from Dr Marie-Agnes Courty, a French expert in the microscopic study of soils and sediments.
      The original evidence was gathered by the French archaeologist Claude Schaeffer and published almost half a century ago. He found that Bronze Age sites over a huge area of the near and Middle East showed evidence of four destructive episodes, the three most prominent at 2,300 BC, 1,650 BC, and 1,200 BC.
    • NATURAL CATASTROPHES DURING BRONZE AGE CIVILISATIONS: Archaeological, Geological and Astronomical Perspectives.
    • COMETS MAY HAVE CAUSED EARTH'S GREAT EMPIRES TO FALL - 17 August 1999
      Swarm B': Cl - 1 Strike
      In a forthcoming book, Catastrophe, the Day the Sun Went Out, British historian David Keys describes a 2-year-long winter that began in A.D. 535. Trees from California to Ireland to Siberia stopped growing. Crops failed. Plague and famine decimated Italy, China and the Middle East. Researchers say similar environmental calamities occurred around 3200 B.C., 2300 B.C., 1628 B.C. and 1159 B.C. Each led to the collapse of urban societies in widely scattered portions of the globe.
    • ICE AGE END NEAR 1500 B.C. AND GENESIS
      Submarine megalithic structures off the coasts of Malta, Egypt, Lebanon, India, China, and Japan in waters up to 70 meters deep were evidently submerged when the Ice Age ended and sea-level rose about 100 meters because of runoff from the melting of the Ice Age ice-packs. Many of these megaliths were astronomical measuring devices, which indicates that their Ice Age constructors had map- making capabilities and sailed the seas, as demonstrated by a commonality of the architectural motifs of the megaliths worldwide, and as demonstrated by Turkish navigational maps which were sourced from ancient Phoenician maps and show coastlines of the Ice Age world with accuracies of latitude and longitude to not be matched until modern times.
16. THE 1,200 BC STRIKE- Swarm B - 3,200 YA
    • (4) MOSES' COMET - 7 July 1999
      An Impact, Plus a Volcano, May Have Battered Biblical Egypt
      Moses called down a host of calamities upon Egypt until the pharaoh finally freed the Israelites. Perhaps he had the help of a comet impact coupled with a volcano. The Exodus story is traditionally dated to either the thirteenth or fifteenth century B.C.
      The Exodus story includes dust, several days of darkness, hail, dead fish, undrinkable water, cattle killed by hail, water breaking out of rocks, the earth opening, the sea parting as in a tsunami, and so on.
    • 12TH CENTURY BC. WHY THE GLOBAL CATASTROPHY?
    • 12TH CENTURY BC. WHY THE GLOBAL CATASTROPHY?, HISTORICAL QUERIE , PUZZLE
      The diffusion of ironworking technology was at least partially responsible for the collapse of the Minoan, Mycenaean and Hittite civilisations around 1200 BCE, as these advanced peoples lost their technological lead to their barbarian neighbours.
    • COMET SWARM THAT PASSED EARTH 3200 YEARS AGO TO RETURN
    • COMET PHAETHON'S RIDE dates it to 1159 B.C.E., or 3159 YA
      A period of celestial "comet" activity is noted, suggesting multiple comet cluster passing throught the inner solar system.
      • Though definitive dating of protohistoric impact events can only come from careful stratigraphic work, there are some rather strong indicators that a nasty encounter such as suggested here occurred about 1159 B.C.E This is not an arbitrary date for it marks the beginning of a sharp decline in the annual growth of Irish bog oak which lasted almost two decades and for that reason stands out in the over seven thousand year long dendrochronological record based on this species of tree
      • This "warring period" (given as 1148-1122 B.C.E. by N. Koss 1979) is the subject of a later historical novel (Feng-Shen Yen-I) which contends that the war between Shang and Chow groups was not caused by human factors but by the predestined investiture of the gods (see S.H. Chang 1990 pp. 169-70). In the Shoo King (book of history) there are several mentions of heaven sending down calamities during this time period.
      This 26 year long swarm is the same that is anticipated to arrive soon again, this time between 2006 and 2012 (or 2016) AD. Two primary swarms are envisioned, but there may be more.
    • COMETS AND THE BRONZE AGE COLLAPSE results from the last pass of the threatening comet swarm (Swarm B) about 3200 YA (years ago).
      During a close approach to a massive object like our planet a comet would be gravitationally disrupted (Phaethon's disentegrating chariot) independent fragments would then further break to pieces as they entered Earth's atmosphere. This debris, of various shapes and sizes, would scatter widely along the path of the fall, each piece harboring energy in proportion to its mass. The "footprint" of this event could have included some of: southern Europe, the Mediterranean, the Near East, and Northern Africa. Damage, however, would not be uniform throughout this area. If the disintegrating objects were traveling south of east, as the Phaethon story implies, the more massive fragments would travel farther and release their greater energy, explosively, lower in the atmosphere toward the southeast end of the elliptical area directly affected by the fall. In other words, the Near East would be more heavily damaged than southern Europe. A survey scaling intensity of site destruction might reflect this aspect, i.e., vitrification of soil and building materials might occur below lower altitude multi-megaton blasts.
      Secondary effects of a large impact event would include: a spottily enhanced C- 14 environment, making this means of dating unreliable to confirm or refute simultaneous destruction of disparate sites; a large production of oxides of nitrogen yielding dangerous ozone depletion, perhaps giving a survival advantage to darker skinned people in the aftermath, particularly in equatorial regions; acidic precipitation from the above-mentioned atmospheric chemistry; and, in the higher latitudes, impact winter, caused by suspended dust and soot.
    • (5) WHEN CIVILIZATION COLLAPSED: DEATH OF THE BRONZE AGE - 11 October 2001
      From the time of Ramesses III (c. 1182-1151 B.C.E.) through that of Ramesses VII (c. 1133-1127 B.C.E.), the price of emmer wheat in Egypt gradually rose to eight (or, for a time, 24) times its earlier price. Not until the reign of Ramesses X (c. 1108-1098 B.C.E.) did the price drop, but even then it remained twice what it had been at the beginning of the 12th century. During this period, the government also sometimes failed to pay grain and other food rations owed to artisans who cut and decorated the royal tombs. The craftsmen staged strikes at least six times between about 1154 B.C.E. and 1106 B.C.E. because their grain allotments were months in arrears.
    • TROY VII AND THE HISTORICITY OF THE TROJAN WAR
      In any consideration of the historicity of the Trojan War, the fundamental questions to be addressed are:
      (1) Where did it take place? Necessarily at Hisarlik or possibly elsewhere?
      (2) When did it take place? Is there a time within the range of dates established by later Greek tradition for the war (1334-1184 B.C.) when the Mycenaeans could have undertaken the sort of joint military venture described by Homer, of which the Catalogue of Ships in Book 2 of the Iliad may be a genuine Bronze Age roster?
      (3) If a destruction level caused by human agency at a likely site at a date within the time-span assigned by Greek tradition to the Trojan War can be identified, was the destruction in question the product of Mycenaean attackers?
      The date of Troy VIIa's destruction probably lies within the half-century ca. 1230-1180 B.C., although Blegen ultimately placed it a generation or so earlier and Podzuweit has recently suggested that it should be set a good deal later.
      This suggests that the termination of Trojan war may have been co-incident or near co-incident with a comet impact.
    • ANCIENT CITY IN TROAS, NORTHWESTERN ANATOLIA.
      Whether the site is the actual city of these works is still debated, but the archaeological evidence indicates that a city (Troy VIIa) was destroyed at that location c. 1260?0 BC and likely was the Homeric Troy. The ruins were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1998.
    • HELEN AND HER IMPACT ON GREEK ART AND CULTURE
      The peoples of Greece are even known as the Hellenic peoples, suggesting that Helen of Troy was of great consequence to the Oversoul
    • MEET HELEN OF TROY: BALD-HEADED, BARE-BREASTED AND BLOOD THIRSTY
      For centuries, Helen of Troy has been portrayed as a woman whose beauty was so great that it caused a war. Revered for her flowing hair and breathtaking features, she eloped with Paris, sparking the siege of Troy after her husband raised an army to take her back.
      It seems more than coincidental that 'Paris' has also become synonymous with the 'City of Love'.
      But, more than 3,000 years after events described in The Iliad, Helen is to undergo a dramatic historical reappraisal. According to a controversial new book, she was more likely to have been a shaven- headed, bare-breasted warrior princess whose appetite for sex was matched only by her insatiable bloodlust.
      The author, the historian Bettany Hughes, claims that the real Helen was a powerful Bronze Age princess, living in the Greek city- state of Sparta around 1250BC. Basing her argument on extensive archaeological research, as well as surviving friezes from the period, Hughes conjures a picture of Helen as a dominant woman who would have worn a handful of snake-like strands of hair over an otherwise shaven, and perhaps brightly dyed, head. Her breasts would almost certainly have been exposed to reinforce her power and sexuality, and she would have been a fit, trained fighter.
      Her claims, published in Helen of Troy: Goddess, Princess, Whore, come as excavations at Sparta have sparked speculation that Helen's long-lost palace may be about to emerge from the hillside. Bronze Age remains there, long thought to have been part of a modest house, have been identified by the British team in charge of the digs as merely the storage areas of a much larger palace complex. A nearby temple " called the Menelaion " has been matched to early Greek sources which refer to it as 'Helen's Shrine'.
      It is more than interesting that the names of 'Paris' and 'Helen of Troy' are so well known, implying that they may have been 'Essence Twins'; see Table H-7.
17. THE 200 BC STRIKE- Swarm A' - 2,200 YA
    • ROMAN COMET 5,000 TIMES MORE POWERFUL THAN A-BOMB
      Swarm A': Cl - 2 Strike
      This discovery, together with evidence from ancient tree rings and Roman reports of 'stones falling from the sky', has led researchers to conclude that the impact happened in about 200BC.
    • (1) FIRE, FLOOD AND COMET - New Scientist, 9 January 1999, p. 42
      Swarm A': Cl - 2 Strike
      The tree-ring record points to global environmental traumas between 2354 and 2345 BC, 1628 and 1623 BC, 1159 and 1141 BC, 208 and 204 BC and AD 536 and 545. Baillie argues that the tree rings are recording first the biblical flood, then the disasters that befell Egypt at the Exodus, famines at the end of King David’s reign, a famine in China that ended the Ch’in (sic) dynasty, and finally, the death of King Arthur and Merlin and the onset of the Dark Ages across the whole of what is now Britain.
    • "VOLCANIC ACTIVITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE"
      Swarm A': Cl - 2 Strike
      Camp Century. Location Date BC. Cluster
      
      • Unknown ? 210?0 72 45 A': Cl - 2
      • Unknown ? 260?0 54 35 A': Cl - 2
      Note: Mean 235 +/- 30 BC
    • DID THE CELTS SEE A COMET IMPACT IN 200 B.C.?
      A new-found field of impact craters may mark the site of a recent comet strike.
      We have identified an exceptional field of meteorites and impact craters stretching from the town of Altötting to the area around Lake Chiemsee in southeastern Bavaria, Germany. While there are many meteorite "strewnfields" known around the world, few contain significant craters. The Chiemgau field, which falls within an ellipse 36 miles long and 17 miles (58 by 27 kilometers) wide, holds at least 81 impact craters ranging from 10 to 1,215 feet (3 to 370 meters) in size. Many more craters may lie hidden in heavily forested areas within the ellipse, and farming activities in the region may have destroyed others.
    • SCIENTISTS SAY COMET SMASHED INTO SOUTHERN GERMANY IN 200 BC
      The biggest crater is now a circular lake called Tuettensee, measuring 370 metres (1,200 feet) across. Scores of smaller craters and other meteorite impacts can be spotted in an elliptical field, inflicted by other debris.
      The figure may be fine-tuned to around 200 BC, thanks to tree-ring evidence from preserved Irish oaks, which show a slowing in growth around 207 BC. In addition, Roman authors at about the same time wrote about showers of stones falling from the skies and terrifying the populace.
      The object is more likely to have been a comet than an asteroid, given the length of the ellipse and scattered debris, the report says.
    • Swarm A': Cl - 1 Strike
      As to 430 BC, I don't know what caused it but there does seem to be a widespread downturn from 430 to 420 or 410 BC, the coincidence of the start of this downturn with the Plague of Athens is interesting. Private comunication with Dr. Mike Baillie 25 Feb. 2003 A': Cl - 1
    • [DER HOLOZÄNE TÜTTENSEE-METEORITENKRATER IN SÜDOSTDEUTSCHLAND]
      Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
    • THE HOLOCENE TÜTTENSEE METEORITE IMPACT CRATER IN SOUTHEAST GERMANY
      Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
      In Greek mythology there exists one story that has repeatedly been interpreted to describe the fall of a celestial body: the story of Phaethon, who undertakes a disastrous drive with the sun-chariot of his father Helios. First, the article presents the arguments given by ancient authors for interpreting this story as the reflection of a natural phenomenon. Then details given in the old descriptions of Phaethon's fall are compared with nowadays knowledge of impact phenomena. Furthermore the texts are examined for clues to the time and the location of the hypothesised impact. These considerations substantiate the suggestion that the myth of Phaethon reflects a concrete strike of a meteorite, the so-called Chiemgau Impact. That impact struck the south-east of Bavaria/Germany at some time during the Celtic period and left an extended crater-strewnfield of about 100 craters. A conspicuous intersection between the tradition of the Phaethon-story and the up to now known time-frame for the Chiemgau Impact gives new clues for dating the Chiemgau Impact to the time between 600 and 428 BC.
18. THE 500 AD STRIKES- Swarm A - 1,500 YA
    • THERE IS STRONG HISTORICAL AND DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL (TREE RING) EVIDENCE OF A COMET IMPACTS 440 and 534 AD.
      Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
      The 440 AD (1560 YA) strike? appears to have been in Britain. According to a TV production aired on KQED 9:00PM 16 May 2000 report, Celtic tales of Arthur record the fiery destruction of Camelot and the hands of the Sun god (tails of comets) reaching upwards. The 534 AD (1466 YA) strike seems to have caused 70 - 80% of China's population to die. The KQED production reports atmospheric sulfur increased around this date, also suggesting a volcanic eruption. See also Baillie's "A Slice of Time" or "Exodus to Arthur". Note: the three-body situation involved result in quasi-periodic, not periodic, comet strikes.
    • EXODUS TO ARTHUR: CATASTROPHIC ENCOUNTERS WITH COMETS - A Book.
    • (4) THE DAY THE SKY FELL IN: ASTEROID IMPACT AND THE FALL OF ROME
      Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
      The data indicate that the crater was formed in about 412 AD, with an uncertainty of 40 years in either direction. Additional sampling may allow this spread to be reduced, but it is clear that the event occurred close to the fall of Rome: some time between 370 AD and 450 AD, when the city was again under attack, this time by the Vandals.
    • THE DAY THE SKY FELL IN February 6, 2003
      Swarm A: Cl - 1 Strike
      A metallic asteroid may have coincided with the fall of Rome, says Duncan Steel. A small metallic asteroid descended from the sky, making a hypervelocity impact in an Apennine valley just 60 miles east of the city. This bus-sized lump of cosmic detritus vaporised as it hit the ground. In doing so, it released energy equivalent to around 200 kilotonnes of TNT: around 15 times the power of the atomic bomb that levelled Hiroshima in 1945. The data indicate that the crater was formed in about 412 AD, with an uncertainty of 40 years in either direction.
    • (3) THE DAY THE SUN WENT OUT
      Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
      In 535 AD, nature literally came to standstill. Winter gripped the earth for two years. Startling new evidence shows that trees all over the world - from Ireland to Siberia, California to Finland - stopped growing during the mid-sixth century.
      Eyewitness accounts describe what we might now call a 'nuclear winter.' According to the Syrian Bishop, John of Ephesus "The sun became dark ...Each day it shone for about four hours, and still this light was only a feeble shadow." An ancient chronicle from Southern China states that: "Yellow dust rained like snow. It could be scooped up in handfuls." Famine and plague followed, killing millions and altering the course of history.
    • A DARK AGE MYSTERY UNRAVELLED Scientists at Cardiff University, UK, believe they have discovered the cause of crop failures and summer frosts some 1,500 years ago. The answer? A comet colliding with Earth.
      The team has been studying evidence from tree rings, which suggests that the Earth underwent a series of very cold summers around 536-540 AD, indicating an effect rather like a nuclear winter.
    • SCIENTISTS: COMET CAUSED DARK AGE FROSTS
      Using evidence from tree rings, the scientists at the School of Physics and Astronomy determined that Earth underwent a series of very cold summers around 536-540 A.D. because a comet hit the planet and exploded in the upper atmosphere.
    • COLLISION WITH COMET MAY HAVE HASTENED FIRST PLAGUE EPIDEMIC
      Studies of tree rings - from preserved oaks retrieved from Irish bogs to ancient American pine trees - have shown that plant growth around the world almost stopped between about 536 AD to 545 AD. Chinese records from this time refer to a "dust veil" obscuring the skies. Mediterranean historians record a "dry fog" that blocked out much of the sun's heat for more than a year. One idea is that a super-volcano erupted, but neither the volcano nor its acidic deposits have been identified. The other proposal involved a collision with a big asteroid or comet, but there was no direct evidence such as a crater.
      However, some believe a much smaller comet which exploded in the atmosphere could easily have generated the dust and debris in the 6th century catastrophe. The surprising result of these calculations is just how small a comet fragment we have estimated was needed to cause the observed effects. The comet plunges into the upper atmosphere leaving an effectively hollow tube behind it, where it has been, and into which the surrounding air has not yet had time to diffuse. This tube then acts rather like a gun barrel, focusing much of the energy of the airburst explosion along the tube and carrying with it much of the comet debris, the scientists (Dr Ward-Thompson, Mel Symonds and Emma Rigby) write in the journal Astronomy and Physics. As a result, the plume would have spread around the world in a massive fountain of debris.
    • ASTRONOMERS UNRAVEL A MYSTERY FROM THE DARK AGES
      Earth underwent a series of very cold summers around 536-540 AD, indicating an effect rather like a nuclear winter. The scientists believe this was caused by a comet hitting the earth and exploding in the upper atmosphere. This work shows that even a comet of only half a kilometre in size could have global consequences. The comet impact caused crop failures and wide-spread starvation among the sixth century population. Nostradamus Quatrain I/69 envisions a 474 meter diameter comet impact.
    • (7) 6TH CENTURY CATASTROPHE: WELSH DRAGONS PROBABLY COMETS Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
    • A.D. 536 AND ITS AFTERMATH-THE YEARS WITHOUT SUMMER - June 1998
      Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
      A book by Joel D. Gunn, Department of Anthropology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
      Global Climate Change in the First Millennium A.D.
      Part II presents the convincing, even overwhelming, historical evidence from literate societies that A.D. 536cal was a watershed moment in the history of the world. A search for a plausible boundary between Classical and Modern times has been a subject of debate for much of the twentieth century. Young argues that A.D. 536cal was the breakline between classical and modern times.
    • (3) MODERN GLOBAL EFFECTS OF AN AD 536 EVENT
      Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
      There were successive crop failures in China and the British Isles seem to have been devastated. There is good suggestive data that multiple Tunguska events were involved, at least, and there is no evidence for major volcanic eruptions at that time (which argues strongly for a cosmic vector with the Taurid stream a most likely source).
    • (1) THE MERLIN 'VISION' AND THE 6th CENTURY 'EVENT' - 28 October 1998
      Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
      Interestingly the battle of Arfderydd is recorded in the oldest text of the "Annales Cambriae" as having occurred in the year AD 573, and this in turn reminded me of an earlier post to the CCNet by Joel D. Gunn regarding the AD 536 'event' and the upheaval of the 6th century. Could this tale of the 'vision' by the Merlin figure be a recollection of a fragmenting comet/asteroid 'event', with the 'tremendous din' being of a tunguska-like airburst? It made me wonder about the mention in that post, which I then looked up in the CCNet archive: Referring to the 440 AD strike?
    • TREE RINGS CHALLENGE HISTORY - 08/09/2000
      Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
      Mike Baillie (Queen's University in Belfast, UK) said growth rings in bog oaks and archaeological timbers indicated that a great catastrophe struck the Earth in AD 540. Professor Baillie favors the idea that comet fragments smashed into the atmosphere throwing up dust and gas that blocked out the Sun. This, in turn, led to crop failures, famine and even plague among the weakened peoples of the world.
    • MYSTERY CLOUD OF AD 536
      Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
      The densest and most persistent dry fog on record was observed in Europe and the Middle East during AD 536 and 537. There is sufficient detailed information to estimate the optical depth and mass of this remarkable stratospheric dust cloud. Its importance resides in the fact that its mass and its climatic consequences appear to exceed those of any other volcanic cloud of the past three millennia.
    • (8) MORE ON THE AD 540 EVENT - June 1998
      Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
      Surely, if a volcanic vector were a major player in the AD 540 event, this activity would have registered in Greenland, as the AD 79 eruption did if the signal at AD 77 (off due to counting error) is the result of Vesuvius. To the best of my knowledge, every known major eruption above 10 degrees S. latitude in the past 2000 years has registered in the Greenland ice. It is hard to imagine a volcanic vector for the AD 540 event (not) to have registered there, too.
    • (5) MORE ON THE AD 536 EVENT - June 1998
      Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
      Univ. North Carolina reports on a recent conference dedicated to the A.D. 536 marker event as a global phenomenon. The cause for this climate plunge seems to be undetermined as between volcanic and cosmic.
    • A COMET IMPACT IN AD 536?
      Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
      
    • (11) DOUBTS ABOUT VOLCANIC CATASTROPHE AD 536 6 April 2000
      Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
      
    • (12) DRAGONS, BEOWULF, & FIRE FROM THE SKY - 14 March 2000
      Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
      The interesting point being that Chinese stories note dragons wrestling in ponds in 503 and 524 while in the West Beowulf wrestles Grendel's mother in a pond in a context which has independently suggested dates between 495 and 533. Why would two such similar concepts appear at almost exactly the same times so far apart? Here the Chinese context helps by telling us that their dragons are associated with fireballs. But better still they tell us that where the dragons passed "all the trees were broken" which could have a Tunguska type ring to it. Surprisingly, in Beowulf as Grendel's mother takes off across the moors "They followed the (her) tracks along forest paths..." which sounds remarkably similar to the Chinese version. In Heaney's recent translation he says "The forest paths were marked all over with the monster's tracks...". - Mike Baillie
    • "THE DARK AGES: WERE THEY DARKER THAN WE IMAGINED?"
      Swarm B
      The twelfth century BC is associated with the "Greek Dark Ages", the end of the Hittite civilization in the Near East, the end of Bronze Age Israel, and the end of the Bronze Age Shang dynasty in China. Ancient Chinese history has the notion of "mandate from heaven", where the rulers were essentially subject to the whims of the sky above. Strange sights in the sky would not be seen as good news for Chinese Emperors. Indeed, around this time, Chinese records speak of:
      Swarm A: Cl - 2 Strike
      "...many gods and spirits were annihilated in this battle, and several stellar dignitaries were replaced by newcomers to the celestial domains."
      Chinese historical records of AD 540 say:
      "Dragons fought in the pond of the K'uh o. They went westward.... In the places they passed, all the trees were broken."
      Ben Rudder, an anthropologist who reviewed in New Scientist magazine a recently published book by Baillie on the subject, wrote:
      "If Baillie is right, history has overlooked probably the single most important explanation for the intermittent progress of civilization. Worse, our modern confidence in benign skies is foolhardy, and our failure to appreciate the constant danger of comet "swarms" is the result of a myopic trust in a mere 200 years of "scientific" records."
      Baillie himself notes that:
      "There is, I feel, a strong case for the contention that we do not inhabit a benign planet. This planet is bombarded relatively often. If this story is correct, we have been bombarded at least three times - and probably five times - since the birth of civilization some 5,000 years ago. And each time, the world was changed." Note, 5000 divided by 3 intervals is 1633 years. This Vulcan web site suggests the quasi-periodic average is 1677 years.
19. THE 1,000 AD STRIKE- Swarm C - 1,000 YA
    • (9) THE CATASTROPHIC YEARS AROUND 850 AD - 10 January 2001
      Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
      Could the comet, or comets, possibly causing the traumas around 850AD actually have been seen? The excellent essay by James Palmer and Trevor Palmer (CCNet, 5th.Dec.,2000) is supported by Barry Hetherington (1) who points out comets seen in 836, 837 (Halley), two in 838, 840 (two, accompanied by a report of a meteor shower in the same year(2)), 841 (two), 842, 844, 852, 853, 855, 857, 858, two in 864 (one observed as yellowish), 866 ( noted as "comets appeared in the spring"), 867, 868 (three, one seen near Venus, another in January, and a third in February), and 869. Most of these were recorded by Chinese observers, but some by European. Although none of these comets are reported as particularly spectacular, which one would have thought would be a requirement of a giant, and possibly close-approaching, comet capable of causing such devastation, at least they are evident. The culprit, such as it may be, would certainly have been visible.
    • NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR BETWEEN 986 AND 1030 AD
      Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
      ~1000: The climate of northern Europe is warming. Drift ice is rare south of the Arctic Circle. This warm period continues until about the year 1200. Drastic changes in the Earth's climate can occur within decades. Due to comet or meteorite strike
    • THE NORSE HISTORY OF GREENLAND 982-1500
      Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
      
      • 982-985 Erik the Red explores and names Greenland, after being outlawed for three years on account of manslaughter in Iceland.
      • 986 Southern Greenland is settled by Erik the Red as he leads the first settlers from Iceland. Erik the Red settles in Brattahlid (today's Qassiarsuk) which becomes the center of the Eastern Settlement.
      • 1408 A wedding is held at Hvalsey Church. This is the last written record of Greenland's Norse population.
      Could the comet of swarm C have struck in the water warming the Earth as Hoyle suggests?
    • (2) WAS THERE AN OCEANIC IMPACT IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE IN 1178? - 29 April 1998
      Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
      
    • (1) OCEANIC IMPACT MIGHT HAVE INSPIRED ABORIGINAL LEGEND - April 1998
      Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
      Geologist Professor Ted Bryant believes the legend of a "white wave" that wiped out Aboriginal culture more than 200 years ago tells of a natural disaster that devastated the south coast of NSW after a comet strike in the Tasman Sea.
      The Wollongong University geologist estimates the tsunami was moving at about 350kmh when it hit the coast. He believes the earlier tsunami, which struck about 850 1150 AD years ago, was probably even bigger.
    • VIEW OF EASTER ISLAND DISASTER ALL WRONG, RESEARCHERS SAY
      The first settlers on Easter Island didn't arrive until 1200 AD, up to 800 years later than previously thought, a new study suggests.
      The finding challenges the widely held notion that Easter Island's civilization experienced a sudden collapse after centuries of slow growth. If correct, the finding would mean that the island's irreversible deforestation and construction of its famous Moai statues began almost immediately after Polynesian settlers first set foot on the island.
      "There may not have actually been any collapse," Lipo told LiveScience. "With only 500 years, there's no reason to believe there had to have been a huge [population] growth."
    • THE EVIDENCE OFANTHROPOGENIC GLOBAL BURNING
      Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
      1.1.2.9: The Medieval Warm Period - the Little Optimum (1150-1320 AD). .. "from around 1150-1300 a much warmer climate was experienced throughout the temperate latitudes."; "1100-1300AD medieval warm period."; "This warmer epoch (1150-1300) is now usually referred to as the Little optimum."; "Between 900- 1300ad the world basked in temperatures about a degree warmer than today’s."; "By 1200 Europeans has cut and ploughed their way across the continent with such thoroughness that they threatened to create a treeless desert. With a few great exceptions, Europe's great forests date from the late Middle Ages."; "Around 1,000 years ago came several centuries during which northern latitudes were perhaps a few degrees warmer than today."Water Strike Wrms Earth - Hoyle
      1.1.2.10: The Little Ice Age (1320-1850). "By 1320 all northwest europe was in the grip of the little ice age. .. but the little ice age did not finally end until the middle of the 19thc."; "1520-1850 ad little ice age." "There is widespread evidence for cooling during what is generally recognized as the ‘Little Ice Age?of the fourteenth to the early 19C."; "The period 1550-1750 was the coldest this millennium .."
    • EUROPE'S CHILL LINKED TO DISEASE
      Europe's "Little Ice Age" may have been triggered by the 14th Century Black Death plague, according to a new study.
      Pollen and leaf data support the idea that millions of trees sprang up on abandoned farmland, soaking up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
      The team found an increase in cereal pollen from 1200 onwards (reflecting agricultural expansion), followed by a sudden dive around 1347, linked to the agricultural crisis caused by the arrival of the Black Death, most probably a bacterial disease spread by rat fleas.
    • (1) A BLAST FROM HEAVEN? MAJOR IMPACT DISASTER 500 YEARS AGO? or A BLAST FROM HEAVEN?
      But what may be a geologic smoking gun has now turned up in 1,000 feet of water just south of New Zealand. Columbia University geologist Dallas Abbott has found what appears to be an impact crater 13 miles across, implying that something enormous, maybe half a mile wide, smashed into the crust there.
    • GLOBAL COOLING - MINI-ICE AGE
      Swarm C: Cl - 1 Strike
      It was AD 986. Erik the Red, ousted from Iceland for manslaughter, set sail with a hardy group of Vikings for a faraway land. Erik called it Greenland, a place ordinarily hostile to humans with its mile-thick ice cap. What Erik could not have known was that his adventure, like other Viking exploration a thousand years ago, was greatly aided by a long-term change in the weather. For about 400 years, much of the earth's climate inexplicably warmed up - a time now known as the Medieval Warm Period. 986 AD - 400 = 586 AD, close to 536 AD impact date.
      Swarm C: Cl - 2 Strike
      Then a chill set in. Slowly at first. People didn't want to believe it. Farmers were reluctant to give up their new fields. Settlers on Greenland held on for as long as possible. But the steadily expanding cold was irresistible by the 1200s. Unspeakable hardships began to take hold in much of the world. In Iceland, extensive grasslands that had supported sheep, goats, and cattle from AD 874 had receded by 1200.
      1.1.2.11: The Climatic Oscillations during the Little Ice Age. "Following the medieval cold of the 1400s the weather seemed to oscillate wildly. There were some very warm summers and some appallingly wet ones producing floods and failed harvests. The early 1500s were generally warm, but around the middle of the century the so-called little ice age set in - another bitterly cold epoch."; "The period 1550-1750 was the coldest this millennium, although the climate wildly fluctuated and the mid-1660s were so warm drought struck in the summer."Comet fragment struck circa 1680 AD?
    • (2) ASTEROID TSUNAMI IN 1500 AD? or ASTEROID TSUNAMI Swarm C: Cl - 3 Strike
    • WHAT DAMAGE HAVE IMPACTS DONE TO HUMANS IN RECORDED HISTORY? - May 11, 2001
      Swarm C: Cl - 3 Strike
      The most incredible Chinese report is that of the Chíing-yang Meteorite Shower of 1490. Supposedly, tens of thousands of people were killed during the shower in the Shansi province. Yau et al. tell us that "[t]he Chíing-yang incident seems rather implausible in terms of the total number of casualties and the narrow size distribution of the meteorite fragments (Yau et al. 1994)," but they also point out its similarities to the Tunguska event, which would have devastated a populated area.
    • ADDING UP THE RISKS OF COSMIC IMPACT
      Swarm C: Cl - 3 Strike
      HISTORICAL RECORD
      How does this square with human history? Here, scientists may review records left in the language of folklore. For example, in China’s Shanxi Province, 10,000 people were said to have been killed in the year 1490 by a hail of “falling stones?that some astronomers surmise may have been triggered by the breakup of a large asteroid. Strike killed many people, but maybe did not change weather much.
20. THE 1,700 AD STRIKE - Swarm B' - 300 YA
    
    The Thames River at London froze frequently in the 1600s. "Frost fairs" atop the Thames became common in the 1700s, and in 1820 it was so cold that river ice was reported as five feet thick. By 1700, Iceland was surrounded with sea ice that made commerce with the rest of the world hazardous. And in faraway China, citrus groves that had survived for centuries froze in Jiangxi province. The Little Ice Age lasted anywhere from 400 to 700 years. Exact dates are uncertain.Ice ages caused by the comet swarm C and B' strikes overlapped.
    • METEOR FALLS AND OTHER NATURAL PHENOMENA BETWEEN 1392-1863 Table I shows the distribution of the records of abnormal phenomena I examined, divided roughly into 50-year periods. Looking at Table I shows that the records of unusual phenomena were concentrated from Period 3 to Period 7, or the period from 1501-1750. This 250-year period comprises 63% of the total period examined, yet it accounts for 80% of the recorded phenomena. Therefore, it seems safe to assume that there was a high frequency of abnormal natural phenomena concentrated during this period.
    • THE LOST CITIES and A NEW LIGHT ON EASTER ISLAND